| Anguilla anguilla |
Under articificial conditions, eels are promiscuous |
Promiscuity |
Coad, 2005 |
| Anguilla anguilla |
In articificial conditions, apparently promiscuous |
Promiscuity |
Deelder, 1970 |
| Anguilla anguilla |
The number of participating males was 1-3 per female. During the first 15 minutes or so the male will swim around as if he were searching for someting while the female will remain almost quiet. When finally the male has detected the female he starts rubbing her belly with his head. He is especially attracted by her abdominal apertures. The female is thereby pushed slowly forwards through the water and starts a slow swimming. Still while the couple is moving, the stimulated male will try to obtain maximum contact between the bodies and is often seen to cling on the female with his back against her belly. When two or three males were placed together with one female they all tok part in the initial courtship. In every case, however, only one of the participating males released sperm during the experiment |
No category |
Boetius and Boetius, 1980 |
| Anguilla anguilla |
Mating began with the males which gently touched the females very often, followed by moving together with bodies in contact near the surface |
No category |
Amin, 1998 |
| Alosa alosa |
Monogamy : by pairs |
Monogamy |
Billard, 1997 |
| Alosa alosa |
One female followed by 5-6 males |
Polyandry |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Alosa alosa |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Cassou-Leins et al, 2000 |
| Alosa alosa |
Males participated in more spawning acts (up to 60) than females (2) |
No category |
Acolas et al, 2004 |
| Alosa alosa |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Boisneau et al, 1990 |
| Alosa alosa |
Egg spawning last 4 to 7 seconds |
No category |
Belaud et al, 2001 |
| Alosa alosa |
In 2001 and 2002, the visual observation of the number of spawners participating in a spawning act showed that > 2 individuals were involved in 45% of the spawning acts |
No category |
Acolas et al, 2006 |
| Alosa fallax |
Schools |
No category |
Billard, 1997 |
| Alosa fallax |
After spawning females move downstream again, whilst males remain awaiting the chance to spawn with other females |
No category |
Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
| Alosa sapidissima |
During the spawning act, the female is accompanied by several males |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Alosa sapidissima |
The fish pair and swim close together, releasing egg and milt |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Alosa sapidissima |
Spawning as several males coming up next to a female |
No category |
Burdick and Hightower, 2005 |
| Alosa sapidissima |
Spawning involves pairs of fish, or presumably several males and a single female. In group spawning, fish swam with their backs exposed. They splashed about forming a closely-packed circle |
Promiscuity |
Marcy, 1972 |
| Barbatula barbatula |
In the spawning act males and females come to lie on their sides belly to belly, so that reproductive openings are close together and fertilization is made more certain |
No category |
Smyly, 1955 |
| Cobitis taenia |
By pair, but mate with several males and females |
Monogamy |
Bohlen, 1999 |
| Cobitis taenia |
All males in the tank followed the female, the female penetrated into dense vegetation, spotted and one male embraced the female. The female started swimming and the circle began again, often with another male embracing the female |
No category |
Bohlen, 2000 |
| Cobitis taenia |
Durnig spawning season, females spawn in a 6 days interval and each spawning act lasts 3-5 H. Consequently each male in the population would have spawn each day with three to four females, on average 14 h per day during the whole spawning season |
No category |
Bolhen and Ritterbusch, 2000 |
| Cobitis taenia |
In pair, one male and one female, described in detailled [Note: wide range of sexual patterns, due to unbalanced protandrous hermaphroditic and gonochoric populations. Futhermore, there are arrhenoid females, like those obersevd in other species, along with intersexual males referred to as gynoid males] |
Monogamy |
Lodi and Malacarne, 1990 |
| Cobitis taenia |
Despite the occurrence of some hermphrodite specimens, data do not support functional protandrous hermaphroditism among males. The study of gonadogenesis and gonads showed that in the population under study only accidental and non functional hermaphroditism occurs |
No category |
Marconato and Rasotto, 1989 |
| Cobitis paludica |
All males in the tank followed the female, the female penetrated into dense vegetation, spotted and one male embraced the female. The female started swimming and the circle began again, often with another male embracing the female |
No category |
Bohlen, 2000 |
| Blicca bjoerkna |
Exhibits polyandry, with courting tactics developped by males |
Polyandry |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Abramis brama |
May be considered polygamous : each male can mate successively with several females, and each female can mate simultaneously and successively with several males [One female followed by two to eight males] |
Polyandry |
Poncin et al, 1996 |
| Abramis brama |
Male and female spawn repeatedly with different partners. Mating is therefore promiscuous |
Promiscuity |
Backiel and Zawiska, 1968 |
| Abramis brama |
Group, communal spawning. One female and two to eight males released eggs and sperm. |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Abramis brama |
Fish pairs move around each other. A. brama females remain over a limited territory and defend it against other fish. Some authors state the A. brama spawn in small groups (few fish), over a limited area, and the fish taking part in spawning move from one place to another. Yet, also described that the reproductive behavior of common bream is polyandrous, mating tactics is territoarial and sneaking. |
Promiscuity |
Brylinska and Boron, 2004 |
| Aristichthys nobilis |
Usually more than two males follow one female [Promiscuous] |
Promiscuity |
Kolar et al, 2005 |
| Aristichthys nobilis |
Promiscuous [The males actively chase the females, occasionally prodding their head against the belly of the females] |
Promiscuity |
Jennigs, 1988 |
| Barbus barbus |
One female and two males but a sex-ratio of 50:1 for males on the spawning grounds |
Polyandry |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Barbus barbus |
One female and two or three males were present during most successful spawning events |
No category |
Hancock et al, 1976 |
| Barbus barbus |
By pair, but large schools |
Monogamy |
Berrebi, 2001 |
| Barbus barbus |
3 or 6 males per females in captivity |
Polyandry |
Poncin, 1993 |
| Carassius auratus |
Each female may be pursued by several males |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
| Carassius auratus |
Each mature female ready to release eggs is followed by a group of males […], the relase of larbe numbers of eggs and milt occurs. |
Promiscuity |
Horvath et al, 1992 |
| Carassius auratus |
The female may be accompanied by two or more males |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Carassius auratus |
Small,desorganized groups of males actively follow females, frequently initiating physical contact (nudging) and inspecting their urogenital and gill regions where pheromones are released. Following behavior typically leads to active chasing, the intensity of which increases until the time of ovulation as males appear to compete to be closest to the female (s), at times pushing each other. Once ovulated, females become sexually receptive and initiate spawning acts by entering aquatic vegetation. typically,one/few male (s) will enter vegetation witha receptive femaleand then swim rapidly with the female through a small arc, at which time the female release (oviposi) eggs and the male (s) will release (ejaculate) sperm to complete a spawning act. Female spanwing behaviour will continue until all ovulated eggs are released, and may involve a hundred or more oviposition acts over several hours with various males |
Promiscuity |
Kobayashi et al, 2002 |
| Carassius auratus |
Several males follow one female. In the spawning ground they form a tight group. Females release spawn, which is immediatly fertilized. Spawninf act may be repeated with different frequency which depends on temperature. Time intervals between batches are inversely related to spawners' body length |
Promiscuity |
Sczerbowski and Szczerbowski, 1996 |
| Carassius carassius |
In estrus, two or three males chase one female; the male repeatedly hits its head against the female's abdomen until the female is lying on its side adjacent to some aquatic plants. |
No category |
Naca, 1989 |
| Chondrostoma nasus |
Spawning occurs synchronously in large shoals |
No category |
Heckeis et al, 1996 |
| Chondrostoma nasus |
In nature, multiple males spawn with a single female |
No category |
Kamler et al, 1998 |
| Chondrostoma nasus |
The spawning act, in which several males usually are involved, lasts only few seconds |
No category |
Kamler and Keckeis, 2000 |
| Chondrostoma nasus |
The spawning act, in which several males are involved, lasts only a few seconds. After releasing the eggs, the females swim a short distance upstream, then drift back with the current to their former position. This procedure is apparently repeated several times until all eggs are shed. |
No category |
Ahnelt and Keckeis, 1994 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella |
During the spawning process, each female is usually by two or more males |
No category |
Cudmore and Mandrak, 2004 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella |
Group, communal spawning: females usually followed by more than two males, swim against the current for a considerable distance and then spawn |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella |
Mating is promiscuous. Two to three males follow the female |
Promiscuity |
Shireman and Smith, 1983 |
| Cyprinus carpio |
One female and several males |
Polyandry |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Cyprinus carpio |
Usually a female will be accompanied by 2 or 3 males |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Cyprinus carpio |
Polygamous: a female is usually followed by several males |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Cyprinus carpio |
Group: communal spawning, several males pursue female for some time before spawning |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Cyprinus carpio |
In estrus, two or three males chase one female; the male repeatedly hits its head against the female's abdomen until the female is lying on its side adjacent to some aquatic plants. |
No category |
Naca, 1989 |
| Cyprinus carpio |
Spawning involves polygamous groups of one female and several males and is apparently triggered, at certain times of the year, by rising water that inundates terrestrial vegetation and periods of fine, warm weather |
Polyandry |
Smith, 2004 |
| Gobio gobio |
Si nos observations sont confirméesnle mode de reproduction du goujon pourrait être considéré comme polygame, chaque femelle étant suceptible de se reproduire avec plusieurs mâles successivement, voire même simultanément, et chaque mâle pouvant se reproduire successivement avec des femelles différentes |
No category |
Poncin et al, 1997 |
| Hypophthalmichthys molitrix |
From two to three males swam along one female |
No category |
Verigin et al, 1999 |
| Leucaspius delineatus |
An individual male guard a nest, and females visit the nest |
No category |
Gozlan et al, 2003 |
| Phoxinus phoxinus |
Group, communal spawning: spawning shoals |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Phoxinus phoxinus |
The whole mass of minnows, consisting of many males and a few females, in their bright spawning livery, was in a constant state of activity, swimming, twisting and turning in the current; occsionally some of the fish left it for quiter water at the side of the stream, where they disappeared under fist-sized stones. Presumably oviposition occurred then |
No category |
Frost, 1943 |
| Pimephales promelas |
Male may spawn with several females |
No category |
Gale and Buynak, 1982 |
| Pimephales promelas |
Males accept eggs from multiple females; each female may oviposit with several males |
No category |
DeWitt, 1993 |
| Pimephales promelas |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Jensen et al, 2001 |
| Pimephales promelas |
It was found that more than one female deposits eggs on the same nest cared for by a single male |
No category |
Markus, 1934 |
| Pimephales promelas |
For the genus Pimephales, sneak spawning: two males and one female were found at one site (probably spawnning), one male had female color pattern - suggesting sneaking |
No category |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Pseudorasbora parva |
One male and few females |
Polygyny |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Pseudorasbora parva |
Sneak: pairspawing with sneakers or satellites, territorial male mated alone with female on 23 of 29 occassions, 3 occassions with sneaker, on 3 occassions the female mated with 2 territorial males (in aquarium) |
No category |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Pseudorasbora parva |
One male may spawn with a consecutive females |
No category |
Witkowski, 2006 |
| Pseudorasbora parva |
Females usually deposit eggs in several batches in several male territories on a day, and repeat matings several times during the course of a spawning period. When mating, a female moves rapidly along the susbtrate, releasing and attaching to the surface eggs which are inseminated soon after by the territorial males |
No category |
Katano and Maekawa, 1997 |
| Rhodeus sericeus |
One male and one female each time |
Monogamy |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Rutilus rutilus |
Spawning usually take place when the female had one to six (generally two or three) males in close attendance swimming alonside or just behind her (more details in the article). |
No category |
Diamond, 1985 |
| Rutilus rutilus |
Intensive lek-like group-mating |
Promiscuity |
Kortet al., 2004 |
| Rutilus rutilus |
Spawning in several groups was observed in rare cases |
Promiscuity |
Noges and Järvet, 2005 |
| Rutilus rutilus |
Group spawners |
Promiscuity |
Jobling et al, 2002b |
| Rutilus rutilus |
In large groups |
Promiscuity |
Kortet et al, 2004b |
| Rutilus rutilus |
Roach breed using a lek-like mating system in which males can have bourgeois and/or parastic roles |
No category |
Kortet et al, 2004b |
| Scardinius erythrophthalmus |
Group spawning. Female frequently followed by 2 males |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Tinca tinca |
Group of 10 to 20 fishes |
Promiscuity |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Tinca tinca |
Spawns start in large groups with minimum of 10 individuals |
Promiscuity |
Linhart and Billard, 1995 |
| Tinca tinca |
Group, communal spawning: breeding female generally attended by two males |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Tinca tinca |
Small spawning groups are formed from one female and one, but usually two males. |
Promiscuity |
Kubu and Kouril, 1985 |
| Tinca tinca |
Tench usually spawn in groups of three, with two males competing for a female |
Polyandry |
Vainikka et al, 2005 |
| Vimba vimba |
The spawning behaviour and the course of spanwing was similar to those of the nase carp Chondrostoma nasus. The spawning ground was occupied by the shoal consisting of males, whereas females stayed downstream of the place. Ripe females came individually to the spawning site where the group of males joined them. The whole group of one female and several males moved upstream with simultaneous releasing of gametes. Males were found only sporadically away from the spawning place |
Polyandry |
Lusk et al, 2005 |
| Vimba vimba |
The spawners gathered in the spawing site form groups consisting of several individuals, one female being always accompanied by a few males […] The spawning as a rule is very boisterous, accompanied by the water splash, vigorous swimming and movements of fishes |
Promiscuity |
Trzebiatowski and Narozanski, 1973 |
| Gambusia affinis |
Male fish use a gonodopodium [modified from anal fin rays] to contact's female urogenital tract and transfer sperm. |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
| Gambusia affinis |
Male very aggresive, wants to deposit their sperm in the biggest number of females into a special pocket [Sperm can remain viable for three months] |
No category |
Crivelli and Quatre, 2001 |
| Esox masquinongy |
One female with one, or at times two smaller males |
Monogamy |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Esox masquinongy |
Adults pair off at spawning time, usually one large female with one ot two smaller males |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Esox masquinongy |
Female mate with one or more males |
No category |
Wynne, 2006 |
| Esox niger |
Single females swim randomly over the submerged vegetation. closely accompanied by one or two males. From time to time the female and a male roll inward and flex their bodies to bring the vents into proximity |
No category |
Coffie, 1998 |
| Esox niger |
A single female, accompagnied by one or two usually smaller males, swims slowly about a random way |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Esox niger |
Eggs fertilized by one or two males |
No category |
Wynne, 2006 |
| Esox niger |
Group: communal spawning, one to three attendant males per female, female and male(s) swim in a meanderin patch |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Esox niger |
Those spawning groups observed were comprised of only one male and one female. The fish swam side by side, weaving in and out among the vegetation. The male turned his ventral side toward the female and appeared to bum her. At this time the female turned her ventral side toward the male, and the eggs were laid with what appeared to be a lashing of their tails |
Monogamy |
Armbruster, 1959 |
| Esox lucius |
By pair, or by small groups of 1 female and 2-3 males |
Monogamy |
Spillmann, 1961 |
| Esox lucius |
3 to 5 male follow one female |
Polyandry |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Esox lucius |
Several males, usually smaller than the female, follow a female and spawn successively with it without any particular choice |
No category |
Souchon, 1983 |
| Esox lucius |
The sexes pair and a larger female is usually attended by one or two smaller males |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Esox lucius |
The sexes pair at spawning time and a larger female is usually attended by one or two smaller males |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Esox lucius |
One or two smaller males pair up with one larger, mature female |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Esox lucius |
Group: communal spawning, one to three attendant males per female, male follow female while passing frequently to spawn |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Lota lota |
Communal process, up to 20 or so individuals |
Promiscuity |
Van Houdt, 2003 |
| Lota lota |
The actual spawning activity is said to take place at in a writhing ball about 2 feet in diameter, which moves over the bottom and is made up of 10-12 intertwined and constantly moving individuals |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Lota lota |
Pairspawning for Lota lota lota and by group for Lota lota maculosa: group spawn, a tangled globular mass of moving males and females, spawing 10-12 ind interwined |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Lota lota |
Spawning activity is quite a sight. They are known to form writhing masses of 10-12 constantly moving individuals that can get as large as 2 feet in diameter. This writhing mass of spawners moves over the bottom and frop eggs. |
No category |
Anonymous, 2003 |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus |
One male and several female, female lay their eggs in several nest |
Polygyny |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus |
The male has a complex courtship dance with zig-zag motions and a leading motion to the nest. A responsible female adopts a submissive head up position, which also reveals the egg-swollen belly … |
No category |
Coad, 2005 |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus |
Complex courtship ! |
No category |
Crivelli, 2001 |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus |
By pair, one male and and one female, but both male and female may mate with more than once with different partners |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus |
Male mate with 2 or 3 different females on average [Polygamous] |
No category |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus |
Sneak: pairspawning with sneakers or satellites, About 10% of nests were subjected to egg stealing and sneaking fertilization |
No category |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Pungitius pungitius |
More than one female may deposit eggs in the nest |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Pungitius pungitius |
By pair, but a nest contains eggs coming from different females |
Monogamy |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Pungitius pungitius |
As many as 7 females may be encouraged to deposit eggs in one nest |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Pungitius pungitius |
Males mate with 4 different females [Polygamous] |
Polygyny |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
| Pungitius pungitius |
Sneak: pairspawning with sneakers or satellites |
No category |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Ambloplites rupestris |
More than one female may spawn in the same nest and one female may spawn in more than one nest |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Ambloplites rupestris |
By pair, apparent promiscuity [A female may spawn in different nests (3 males maximum). Males may also spawn with more than one female and four males were observed serially spawning with alternating female] |
Promiscuity |
Gross and Nowell, 1980 |
| Ambloplites rupestris |
Individulas may spawn in different nests with different mates |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Lepomis gibbosus |
Both males and females may mate with different parterns in the same or different nests |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
| Lepomis gibbosus |
The spawning of several female are released in the same nest |
No category |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Lepomis gibbosus |
Several female may mate in the same nest |
No category |
Spillmann, 1961 |
| Lepomis gibbosus |
Male prepares the nest for another spawning with the same or different females |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Lepomis gibbosus |
Males and females may spawn more than once during the spanwing season |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Micropterus dolomieui |
By pair. After spawning, the female leaves the nest and may spawn with another male in another nest |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Micropterus dolomieui |
Monogamy is often presumed to constrain mating variance [Female preferentially mate with relatively large males] |
Monogamy |
Iguchi et al, 2004 |
| Micropterus dolomieui |
More than one female can spawn in the nest of a single male |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Micropterus dolomieui |
We never observed more than one male and female at a nest site. We also did not detect any behavior by smaller smallmouth bass males that could be interpreted as sneaking or satellite spawning behavior |
No category |
Ridgway et al, 1989 |
| Micropterus salmoides |
Promiscuous (full description); one female may mate with several male in different nests in short intervals |
Promiscuity |
Heidinger, 1976 |
| Micropterus salmoides |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Spillmann, 1961 |
| Micropterus salmoides |
During a spawning season, a female may mate with several males in different nests |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
| Micropterus salmoides |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Micropterus salmoides |
By pair, a female may spawn with several males in different nests |
Monogamy |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Micropterus salmoides |
Female may lay eggs in more than one nest during a single spawning season |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Dicentrarchus labrax |
Spawns in group |
Promiscuity |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Dicentrarchus labrax |
1 or 2 males, always smaller than a female, with a female |
No category |
Barnabé, 1980 |
| Morone americana |
Individual females are surrounded by several males, and eggs and sperm are relased randomly |
No category |
Stanley and Danie, 1983 |
| Morone americana |
A review of the litterature indicates that the spawing behavior has never been observed. Yet, once: one of the large fish, female, swimming aloong a horizontal path to the bottom left a barely distinc trail, indicating ovulation, and this wa sfollowed by pominent emission of white milt by males |
No category |
Mansuetti, 1961 |
| Morone chrysops |
Polygamous mating system with no mate selection |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
| Morone saxatilis |
Spawning can involve multiple males and more than one female, but it is characterized by one female and many males releasing gametes at the water surface [Once a group of males has spawned, they will continue to chase the spent female or court the next available one] |
Polyandry |
Sullivan et al, 1997 |
| Perca flavescens |
One female and two up to five males (even 25 males), it takes several minutes at 14-15°C and up to several days at temperatures below 5°C to extrude the entire egg mass |
No category |
Heidinger and Kayes, 1986 |
| Perca flavescens |
One female and two up to five males, during about 30 mn [described in more details] |
No category |
Craig, 2000 |
| Perca flavescens |
A single larger female and many males which swim about in a long compact queue, the first males with their snouts pressed against the females |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Perca flavescens |
Several males fertilize the eggs as they are extruded by the female in a gelatinous, convoluted string |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Perca flavescens |
Group, communal spawing: a ripe female is followed by several males, the males release sperm as she extrudes a convolued egg strand |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Perca fluviatilis |
One female and two up to five males, during about 30 mn [described in more details] |
No category |
Craig, 2000 |
| Perca fluviatilis |
One female is followed by two males |
No category |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Perca fluviatilis |
One female and several males |
Polyandry |
Dubois, 2001 |
| Perca fluviatilis |
Polyandry, one female and one or two males |
Polyandry |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Perca fluviatilis |
Group, communal spawning: groups spawns |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Sander lucioperca |
Female and male are monogamous as the female lays all eggs simultaneously |
No category |
Craig, 2000 |
| Sander lucioperca |
Monogamous, by pair [The actual spawning lasts only 30-40 min, of which 20-25 min is considered courtship and during the last 10-15 min female lay eggs] |
Monogamy |
Lappaleinen et al, 2003 |
| Sander lucioperca |
By pair, eggs and sperm are broadcasted over a circular pit constructed by the male, may be monogamous |
Monogamy |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Sander lucioperca |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
| Sander vitreus |
One female and two flanking males, with other males in close pursuit; but larger groups occurred occasionally with maxim of two females and six males |
Promiscuity |
Colby et al, 1979 |
| Sander vitreus |
Spawning takes place in groups, one larger female and one or two smaller males or two females and up to six males |
Promiscuity |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Sander vitreus |
Occurs in small groups: a larger female and two smaller adults or two females and up to six males |
Promiscuity |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Sander vitreus |
Generally involves groups of one large feamle and two smaller males or two females and up to six males |
Promiscuity |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Sander vitreus |
Group, communal promiscuity: females spawn with one or more males, males show no territoriality, two to five or six males around one female, female attended by several males. |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Sander vitreus |
Any particular pair of fish. The spawning act culminates in a rush to the surface by a female and two flanking males, with other males in close pursuit and a turning or pushing of the female onto its side which indicates spawning has occurred |
No category |
Malison and Held, 1996b |
| Coregonus lavaretus |
Exhibit no permanent pair-binding [Males and females swim close to each other towards the surface while ejecting eggs and milt. Males are more active than females] |
No category |
Skurdal et al, 1985 |
| Coregonus lavaretus |
Group: communal spawning, 1-4 males/female, aggregating in shallow water to spawn |
Promiscuity |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Coregonus clupeaformis |
A female and one or more males rise to the surface, release eggs and milt and descend separately toward the bottom |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Hucho hucho |
By pair, males and females are very aggressive |
Monogamy |
Jatteau, 1991 |
| Hucho hucho |
Spawn in pairs |
Monogamy |
Witkowski, 1988 |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha |
Many courting pairs are attended by a number of satellite males (up to ten), which join the pair in the nest when the eggs are finally shed |
No category |
Groot, 1996 |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha |
Several males may spawn with a single female in one nest, individual females my build more than one nest, and a single male may spawn with more than one female |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha |
In some cases, several males spawn with a single female |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha |
Female is attented by several males |
No category |
Kwain, 1982 |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha |
Most effective spawning takes place with a predominance of males (up to 3 males per female) or with equal sex ratio coupled with low density of spawners |
No category |
Chebanov, 1986 |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha |
Ten or more males may jockey for position near a nest-digging female and dash together into the nest when she spawns. The number of males competing for access to a single female is typically greater than in other salmonids. |
No category |
Keenleyside and Dupuis, 1988 |
| Oncorhynchus keta |
One male and one female, female mate with several male. Males remain sexually active for 10-14 d |
Monogamy |
Groot, 1996 |
| Oncorhynchus keta |
A single female is often attended by more than one male, and may build and spawn in more than one nest. A single male may spawn with more than one female |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Oncorhynchus keta |
Males are very aggressive and may spawn with different females; females likewise may spawn with other males and therefore builds different nests |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus keta |
Promiscuous, male frequently attend more than one female |
Promiscuity |
Bakkala, 1970 |
| Oncorhynchus keta |
Since a male will spawn with several females, early male arrival on the spawning grounds may promote successful fertilisation |
No category |
Coad, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus keta |
After the depression is complete, the female and dominant male enter the redd and simultaneously extrude eggs and milt. Not all eggs are deposited at one time, as multiple egg pockets are made |
No category |
Pauley, 1988 |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch |
The basic matting pattern seems to be positive assotative mating. With a considerable predominance of males, negative assortative mating simultaneously also occurs. [The nature of spawning behavior, assortative mating, and spawning success in coho salmon under natural conditions is similar to that of cham and pink salmons under experimental conditions] |
No category |
Chebanov, 1990 |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch |
The female may spawn in as many as four different nests, probably with different males |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch |
The pair are side by side, the whole process is repeated for several days until the female deposists all her eggs [The male then leaves and may seek another female] |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss |
By pair are side by side |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss |
Females dig and spawn in several nests with the same or other males |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss |
The spawning act last 5-8 s with the pair parallel in the redd pressed together, both fish gape, arch and vibrate [Other males may shade sperm] |
No category |
Coad, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss |
The two males, one slightly larger than the female, and the other typically a younger, smaller male not so large as either fish, quickly take positions, one at either side of the female [Both males and females participate in several mating acts before becoming entirelyfinished with the reprodcutive activities of a single season] |
No category |
Greeley, 1932 |
| Oncorhynchus nerka |
One couple defending a territory, salmon pairs tend to stay together for the total spawning period of about 7-9 d until the female has laid all the eggs |
No category |
Groot, 1996 |
| Oncorhynchus nerka |
The female may dig and and spawn in more than one nest, with different males, and a single male may spawn with more than one female |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Oncorhynchus nerka |
By pair, a female may spawn with several dominant males, a male may breed with different females |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus nerka |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Parensky et al, 2002 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha |
A dominante male joints the female in the redd and the two engage in the spawing act |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha |
The female may dig more than one redd and spawn with more than one male |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha |
One female with a dominant male, sometimes with smaller males |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha |
Several males are attracted as the female starts to dig in earnest. The largest male dominates and joins her in the centre of the redd. |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Salmo salar |
By pair, one male and one female each time, but female mate with few males during the spawning season |
Monogamy |
Groot, 1996 |
| Salmo salar |
By pair, one male and one female |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Salmo salar |
Several males are attracted as the female continues this activity. The largest male dominates and joins her in the centre of the redd |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Salmo salar |
One male and one female per spanwing act |
Monogamy |
Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
| Salmo trutta fario |
By pair, one male and one female |
Monogamy |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Salmo trutta fario |
The male courts the female while she is digging the nest and defends the nesting territory against intrundinf males. When the nest is finished, female and male simultaneously deposit ova and sperm during a short spawning act |
No category |
Groot, 1996 |
| Salmo trutta fario |
The male, a larger fish then the female at all observed instances of spanwing, darts to a position agasint one side of the female and curves his body toward hers in such a manner as to hold her against the bottom [Both males and females participate in several mating acts before becoming entirelyfinished with the reprodcutive activities of a single season] |
No category |
Greeley, 1932 |
| Salmo trutta fario |
Only one spawning couple was observed at one time above the redd. It was composed of a spawning female and a "hooknose" courting her. Sometimes, smaller 'sneakers' were also observed near the spawning couple. 'Sneakers' stayed downstream from the couple and waited until the female spawned. At that moment, they rapidly swam between the spawning female and male, released their sperm and swam away. |
No category |
Rubin et al, 2005 |
| Salvelinus alpinus |
The male may mate with several females during the spawning season |
No category |
Groot, 1996 |
| Salvelinus alpinus |
Polygamy : one female followed by 2 to 8 males |
Polyandry |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Salvelinus alpinus |
By pair, but males often mate with more than one female and sometimes a female will mate successively with two or more males |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Salvelinus alpinus |
A female is usually attended by one male during deposition and fertilization of the eggs [Males usually mate with more than one female] |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Salvelinus alpinus |
Mating stops between the pair when the female is spent |
No category |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Salvelinus fontinalis |
When the redd is completed, the pair entered the nest and deposit eggs and milt, once the eggs are completely covered, she moves to the upstream end of the redd and begins digging a new redd |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Salvelinus fontinalis |
The actual spawning act is performed by one male and one female, but each may spawn with different mates during the reproductive period |
Monogamy |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Salvelinus fontinalis |
By pair, but both sex may spawn again with other fish |
Monogamy |
Coad, 2006 |
| Salvelinus fontinalis |
The male, a larger fish then the female at all observed instances of spanwing, darts to a position agasint one side of the female and curves his body toward hers in such a manner as to hold her against the bottom [Both males and females participate in several mating acts before becoming entirelyfinished with the reprodcutive activities of a single season] |
No category |
Greeley, 1932 |
| Salvelinus fontinalis |
For males and females, tha mating costs of peripheral males were substantial because more than half (56%) of all observed brrok trout spawnings involved peripheral males. Males that paired with large females experienced a greater incidence of kleptogamy due to increase numbers of peripheral males present |
No category |
Blanchfield and Ridgway, 1999 |
| Salvelinus namaycush |
By pair, on occassion as many as seven males and three females may engage in a mass spawning act |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Salvelinus namaycush |
One or two males may spawn with one female, or a group of males and females may spawn together, extruding eggs and sperm over rocky bottom |
Promiscuity |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Salvelinus namaycush |
A male will court many females within its range [Lake trout visit and probably spawn on more than one shoal] |
Polygyny |
Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
| Salvelinus namaycush |
Disperse to deeper water several weeks after spawning |
No category |
Goodyear et al, 1982 |
| Stenodus leucichthys |
A female accompanied by a male swims to the surface near the upstream end of the spawning ground [Female may repeat the spawning act over the downstream portion of the spawning area or may move upstream to the head of the grounds before releaseing more eggs] |
No category |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Thymallus thymallus |
10 male following one female, but also two males and one female |
No category |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Thymallus thymallus |
Most by pair, 2 out of 55 included two males with one female |
Monogamy |
Poncin, 1996 |
| Thymallus thymallus |
One female and one male, with few other males around |
Monogamy |
Persat, 2001 |
| Thymallus thymallus |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Thymallus thymallus |
A spawning act was considered successful when the behavioural sequence observed in a pair included 'apporach', 'quiverin', 'dorsal fin clasping', 'tail crossing', 'head and tail-up posture', and finally 'gaping', associated with the release of eggs en sperm [Of the 25 spawning acts observed, 24 included the female and the territorial male with one spawning act included two males and one female; of the 70 behavioural sequences, 18 involved a second male that joined he pair before spawning] |
No category |
Darchambeau and Poncin, 1997 |
| Thymallus thymallus |
Dans la nature, mâles et femelles nagent côte à côte jusqu'à ce qu'ils aient trouvé le banc de gravier favorable à leur accouplement: ces bancs de gravier délimitent en général des bassins |
No category |
Vivier, 1958 |
| Thymallus arcticus |
By pair, but male mate several times |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Thymallus arcticus |
The male and female were near the bottom. They were side by side, touching each other. The male had his fin erect and partly laid over the female, in much the same way it was laid on the boot or rock during the vibration. The female gaped widely, but the male did not gape until just before the act was over. The whole act took perhaps 7 seconds |
No category |
Bishop, 1971 |
| Cottus gobio |
One male and up to ten female |
No category |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Cottus gobio |
Males achieve multiple spawning in a relatively short period |
No category |
Marconato and Bisazza, 1988 |
| Cottus gobio |
Some males may attract more than one female |
No category |
Tomlinson and Perrow, 2003 |
| Ameiurus nebulosus |
By pair, one male and one female |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
| Ameiurus nebulosus |
By pair, a large number of spawning acts take place with an increasing number of eggs released at each |
Monogamy |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Ameiurus nebulosus |
Courtship consits of one fish butting the other or mouthing the head or the tail of its partner. Paired fish also show head-to-head lateral diplays, and gently undulate side by side |
No category |
Internet, 2001 |
| Ictalurus punctatus |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Internet, 2005 |
| Ictalurus punctatus |
By pair, females spawn only once a year but males, at least in the southern USA, "may spawn several times" |
Monogamy |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
| Ictalurus punctatus |
By pair |
Monogamy |
Grizzle, 1985 |
| Ictalurus punctatus |
It takes 4 to 12 hours for a brood fish pair to complete an egg mass with eggs being release five times per gour |
No category |
Legendre et al, 1997 |
| Ictalurus punctatus |
Each female was paired with an adult male in a spawning pen |
No category |
Pacoli et al, 1990 |
| Ictalurus punctatus |
Females and males are placed in ponds containing spawning containers that stimulate natural nesting sites, and are allowed to form spawning pairs |
No category |
Lang and Tiersch, 2007 |
| Silurus glanis |
The aggressiveness of both sexes increase during the spanwing season and heavy injuries occur even during the normal spawning process. Such injuries may later be the cause of death |
No category |
Horvath, 1977 |
| Silurus glanis |
By pair: one male and one female |
Monogamy |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
| Silurus glanis |
Spawing in pairs |
Monogamy |
Ah-King et al, 2004 |
| Osmerus eperlanus |
By pair: Each female usually spawns in the compagny of one male. The females extrudes her eggs, then leaves the spawning ground. Males continues spawning with other females. |
Monogamy |
Belyanina, 1969 |
| Osmerus eperlanus |
Individual fish sometimes spawn in several streams in an estuary during the spawning period |
No category |
Buckley, 1989 |
| Osmerus eperlanus |
The spawning is communal |
Promiscuity |
Maitland, 2003 |
| Osmerus eperlanus |
Females drop out of the river after spawning, while the males continue to spawn with other females |
No category |
Quigley et al, 2004 |