Trait completeness | 82% |
Total data | 149 |
References | 28 |
Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved
Trait id | Trait | Primary data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs do not attach to the substrate | Non-Adhesive | Esmaeili and Johal, 2005 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Characterized by slight stickiness (due to acid mucopolysaccharies on the surface of the envelope) observed only in the first 2-3 minutes | Adhesive | Kunz, 2004 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs are seperated and nonadhesive | Non-Adhesive | Naca, 1989 |
5 | Incubation time | 1-2 | 1.5 days | Horvath, 1992 |
5 | Incubation time | 14-17 hour at 28-30°C | 15.5 days | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
5 | Incubation time | 29-36 hour at 20°C | 32.5 days | Billard, 1997 |
5 | Incubation time | 34-36 hour [23-25°C], 50-70 hour [18-20°C] | 35.0 days | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
5 | Incubation time | 61 hours [At 18°C], 50 [20°C], 24 [25°C], 18 [28°C], 16 [30°C] | 61.0 days | Naca, 1989 |
5 | Incubation time | Hatch from the envelopped at pahse 19 a day after fertilization (water temperature 26-28°C) | 27.0 days | Burlakov,2006 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 24-50 | 37.0 °C * day | Horvath, 1992 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 24-30 | 27.0 °C * day | Billard, 1997 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 35-50 | 42.5 °C * day | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 8 [Effective day-degrees] | 8.0 °C * day | Kamler, 2002 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 28-30 | 29.0 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 23-25 [But also at lower T: 18-20] | 24.0 °C | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | At 27°C, eggs keep their capacity for fertilization for 20 seconds [At 19-23°C, the fertilization capacity of a considerable number of eggs was preserved slightly longer-up to 30 seconds] | 21.0 °C | Mikodina and Makeyeva, 1981 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Between 17 and 26.5°C in natural conditions | 17.0 °C | Krykhtin and Gorbach, 1982 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | The optimum temperature is between 25 and 27°C | 25.0 °C | Naca, 1989 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | The eggs were incubated in Weiss's apparatus under 27-28°C | 27.5 °C | Burlakov,2006 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 3.7-6 | 4.85 mm | Horvath, 1992 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 3.68-5.02 [egg after swelling, the membrane diameter increases 3-5 times] | 4.35 mm | Mikodina and Makeyeva, 1981 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | Water-hardened egg 4.9-5.6 | 5.25 mm | Kolar, 2005 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | Diameter of swollen eggs at 3 different dates: mean 3.22 (3.05-3.50), mean 3.22 (3.01-3.79) and 3.87 (3.02-4.29) | 3.275 mm | Makeeva, 1988 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | Mean of 4.28 ± 0.03 in 1982 and 3.92 ± 0.02 in 1983 | 4.28 mm | Verigin, 1990 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | After the eggs have been fertilized and have absorbed water, the egg membrane expands to about 5-6 mm | 5.5 mm | Naca, 1989 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Pelagic, only water-hardened eggs floated | Pelagic | Lahnsteiner, 2001 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Semi-pelagic and derive to the downstream | No category | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Semi-pelagic [Needs a river must be longer than 200 km] | No category | Billard, 1997 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Pelagic | Pelagic | Barbier, 2001 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Drifting egg [The largest number of eggs are found in the upper water layer in the main river chanel] | Pelagic | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Eggs developp in pelagic water of the river current [The buoyancy of the egg is achieved by the penetration under the membrane of a considerable amount of water and the creation of perivitelline space] | No category | Mikodina and Makeyeva, 1981 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Semi-buoyant eggs | Ambiguous | Kolar, 2005 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Silver carp shed bathypelagic eggs in river systems | No category | Esmaeili and Johal, 2005 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Develop in pelagic water | No category | Kunz, 2004 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | The eggs of chinese carps are semibuoyant and are carried by currents until they hatch | Ambiguous | Scholfield, 2005 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Pelagic eggs and larvae are carried more than 500 km from the spawning grounds | Pelagic | Gorbach and Kryhtin, 1988 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Having a greater specific gravity than water, eggs sink to the bottom in still water, yet, they are semi-buoyant in a current, floating until the fry hatch | Ambiguous | Naca, 1989 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.7-1.3 | 1.0 mm | Horvath, 1992 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.08-1.43 [Egg before swelling] | 1.255 mm | Mikodina and Makeyeva, 1981 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.7-1.6 [Unfertilized at stage IV] | 1.15 mm | Esmaeili and Johal, 2005 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | Mean of 1.27 ± 0.05 in 1982 and 1.25 ± 0.03 in 1983 | 1.27 mm | Verigin, 1990 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
11 | Temperature during larval development | 26-32, but 32°C is the optimum for growth and survival | 29.0 °C | Radenko and Alimov, 1991 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared at 25°C | 25.0 °C | Dabrowski, 1984 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared at 26-30°C | 28.0 °C | Santiago, 2003 |
10 | Reaction to light | Clearly displayed a positive phototaxis | Photopositive | Radenko and Alimov, 1991 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | No evidence of any form of aggression or cannibalism in silver carp, grasscarp | Absent | Hecht and Pienaar, 1993 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | High mortality of unfed fish was observed starting on day 6, except for one tank, all larvae in replicate tanks were dead by day 11. At 26-30°C | 28.0 °C * day | Santiago, 2003 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | The larvae 2.5 days after hatching are at phase 23, their length is 7.4 mm. They begin to actively catch food oustide,but continue mostly to feed on yolk, which is present as relatively substantial residue | 2.5 °C * day | Burlakov,2006 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Carp larvae that just started to feed exogenously (about 3 days post-hatch) were used, reared at 26-30°C | 28.0 °C * day | Santiago, 2003 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Rearing fry and fingerlings involves nurturing 3-4 day-old postlarvae, which have begun to eat | 3.5 °C * day | Naca, 1989 |
8 | Initial larval size | 5-5.2 | 5.1 mm | Horvath, 1992 |
8 | Initial larval size | 7.2 mm for 2 days old larvae | 7.2 mm | Naca, 1989 |
8 | Initial larval size | 5.2 mm at hatching | 5.2 mm | Burlakov,2006 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Pelagic eggs and larvae are carried more than 500 km from the spawning grounds | Pelagic | Gorbach and Kryhtin, 1988 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | Pectoral fin is smooth | Absent | Naca, 1989 |
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | The females can be distinguished from males by the absence of serrations on the inner surface of pectoral fin rays | Present | Esmaeili, 2005 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | 18-20% [Not specified when] | 19.0 percent | Makeeva, 1988 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Average maturity rate 15.1% | 15.1 percent | Naca, 1989 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 40-80 | 60.0 thousand eggs/kg | Horvath, 1992 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 75-140 | 107.5 thousand eggs/kg | Barbier, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | Average 131 | 131.0 thousand eggs/kg | Naca, 1989 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 4-6 | 5.0 years | Horvath, 1992 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 4, most 5-7 | 6.0 years | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-6 [Unsexed, China] | 4.5 years | Fishbase, 2006 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Male usually mature one year earlier than female] | 3.5 years | Kolar, 2005 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | The broodstock analyzed is 5th - 6th generation reproduced artificially | 5.0 years | Verigin, 1990 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Vitellogenesis in these fishes completes in spring, when the maturation coefficients of females reaches maximum level | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Makeeva, 1988 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 200-1500 | 850.0 thousand eggs | Horvath, 1992 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | From 315.100 to 1340.5 [Average 812.2] | 315.1 thousand eggs | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 299-5.1 | 152.05 thousand eggs | Kolar, 2005 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Mean 603.7 ± 29.5 (range 240.8-1261) in 1982 and 571.1 (range 103.3-1298.4) in 1983 | 603.7 thousand eggs | Verigin, 1990 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Average absolute fecundity: 1,035,000 | 1.0 thousand eggs | Naca, 1989 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 3-10 | 6.5 kg | Horvath, 1992 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 4.8 | 4.8 kg | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | Broodstock used was: mean 5.75 ± 0.15 (range 3.56-8.71) in 1982 and mean 4.81 ±0.07 (range 3.40-8.70) in 1983 | 5.75 kg | Verigin, 1990 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | Average body weigth 7,900 kg in the Changjiang | 7.0 kg | Naca, 1989 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 40-100 | 70.0 cm | Horvath, 1992 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 66 | 66.0 cm | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 55-60 [Unsexed, China] | 57.5 cm | Fishbase, 2006 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Fish used in the experiments ranged from 64.5 to 73.8 cm in 1982 and 58.8 to 67.0 in 1983 | 64.5 cm | Makeeva, 1988 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Broodstock used was: mean 68.5±0.5 (range 58-78) in 1982 and mean 63.4±0.3 (range 55-76) in 1983 | 68.5 cm | Verigin, 1990 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 5-7 | 6.0 year | Horvath, 1992 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 5, but most 7-8, females | 7.5 year | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-6 [China, unsexed] | 4.5 year | Fishbase, 2006 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 but up to 5-6 | 3.5 year | Kolar, 2005 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | The broodstock analyzed is 5th - 6th generation reproduced artificially | 5.0 year | Verigin, 1990 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | There is a row of fine bony atenoid serrations on several of the foremost fin rays of the pectoral fin. They are coarse and thorny and present throughout the life of the fish* | Present | Naca, 1989 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | Range between 0.87 and 1.64 but not specified when or if it was maximal values | 0.87 percent | Belova, 1981 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 40-90 | 65.0 cm | Horvath, 1992 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 61 | 61.0 cm | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 55-60 [Unsexed, China] | 57.5 cm | Fishbase, 2006 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | Individuals studied ranged from 65 ± 0.7 to 70.7± 1.2 | 65.0 cm | Belova, 1981 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | Broodstock used was: mean 64.7 ± 0.5, (range 54-75) in 1982, and mean 60.2 ± 0.5 (range 43-71) in 1983 | 64.7 cm | Verigin, 1990 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | 3-7 | 5.0 kg | Horvath, 1992 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | 4.8 | 4.8 kg | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | Most of the caught individuals weigthed 6-12 kg, this size is a characteristic of the sexually mature individuals | 9.0 kg | Ciolac, 2004 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | Individuals ranged from 2.645 ± 140 to 3.464 ± 215 | 2.645 kg | Belova, 1981 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | Broodstock used was mean 4.02 ± 0.2 (range 2.27-5.57) in 1982 and 3.50 ± 0.1 (range 2.40-5.20) in 1983 | 4.02 kg | Verigin, 1990 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
47 | Mating system | From two to three males swam along one female | No category | Verigin, 1999 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Occurs in the morning and evening during calm weather | Day | Krykhtin and Gorbach, 1982 |
50 | Parental care | Nonguarders | No care | Fishbase, 2006 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Pelagophilous | Pelagophils | Mikodina and Makeyeva, 1980 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Their eggs are deposited in flowing water and develop in palegic water | Pelagophils | Kunz, 2004 |
44 | Spawning substrate | The silver carp an the grass carp seem to prefer the superficial waters as well as the big head stay in the deeper horizons of the water | Ambiguous | Ciolac, 2004 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Belong to the pelagophilous group | Pelagophils | Belova, 1981 |
44 | Spawning substrate | The eggs are fertilized in the water | Pelagophils | Naca, 1989 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | No | No category | Verigin, 1999 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open water/susbtratum egg scatterers | Open water/substratum scatter | Fishbase, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Belong to the pelagophilous group | No category | Belova, 1981 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 21-25 | 23.0 °C | Horvath, 1992 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 25 | 25.0 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 17-25 | 21.0 °C | Billard, 1997 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 21-26 | 23.5 °C | Barbier, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 18-20 | 19.0 °C | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Begins above 17°C, 21-26 is assumed to be the optimal temperature for spawning | 23.5 °C | Krykhtin and Gorbach, 1982 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 18-19 but also 22-26 | 18.5 °C | Kolar, 2005 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 19.2-29.0 | 24.1 °C | Scholfield, 2005 |
41 | Spawning temperature | The water temperature stabilized for a relatively large period of time in the interval of 18°C to at least 22°C | 18.0 °C | Ciolac, 2004 |
41 | Spawning temperature | The optimum temperature for spawning is 22-28°C | 25.0 °C | Naca, 1989 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 8 to 10 weeks | 8.0 weeks | Kolar, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | River with stroung current | Flowing or turbulent water | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Water with strong current: 0.7-1.4 m/s | Flowing or turbulent water | Billard, 1997 |
42 | Spawning water type | Water with strong current: 0.7-1.4 m/s | Flowing or turbulent water | Barbier, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Spawning takes place after a sharp rise in the water level and current velocity | Flowing or turbulent water | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
42 | Spawning water type | Flowing water | Flowing or turbulent water | Mikodina and Makeyeva, 1981 |
42 | Spawning water type | Places with a rapid and turbulent water current, about 0.7-1.4 m/s | Flowing or turbulent water | Krykhtin and Gorbach, 1982 |
42 | Spawning water type | Current velocities 0.3-3 m/s | Flowing or turbulent water | Kolar, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | Spawning grounds are usually located in river reaches characterized by turbulent or whirlpool-like flow, often in the vicinity of islands or stream junctions [Reported current velocities of spawning areas in China ranged from 0.33 to0.90m/s] | Flowing or turbulent water | Scholfield, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | The existence and the persistence of the increasing water level, the water flow up to 3 m per second | No category | Ciolac, 2004 |
42 | Spawning water type | Their spawning occurs in a considerable current | Flowing or turbulent water | Belova, 1981 |
43 | Spawning depth | Near the bottom of river | No data | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
43 | Spawning depth | Deep water | No data | Billard, 1997 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters: tens of centimeters to 2 m of waters | 2.0 m | Krykhtin and Gorbach, 1982 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | About 125-260 km | 192.5 km | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Very long migrations: thousands kms | No data | Krykhtin and Gorbach, 1982 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Most of the reproducing white amur and silver carp complete a short post-spawning migration of some 100 km | 100.0 km | Gorbach and Kryhtin, 1988 |
37 | Spawning migration period | The beginning of the spawning migration occured at the end of April, at 16-17°C, the peak was observed in the middle and at the end of May and in the beginning of June | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
37 | Spawning migration period | In May, there is an increasing amount of adults, probably as a result of the start of the crowding process that usually precedes the upstream migration. In June, the capture was the largest one, it signalises the peak of migration. The water temperature is of 19°C to 24°C | ['May', 'June'] | Ciolac, 2004 |
39 | Spawning season | May-July | ['May', 'July', 'June'] | Horvath, 1992 |
39 | Spawning season | June-July | ['June', 'July'] | Barbier, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | Spawning period continues from April to July [Mass spawning takes place at the end of May and in the beginning of June] | ['April', 'May', 'July', 'June'] | Abdusamadov, 1986 |
39 | Spawning season | Begins in June, extends into July and sometimes event the first days of August | ['August', 'June', 'July'] | Krykhtin and Gorbach, 1982 |
39 | Spawning season | Mid May through Mid-June in Arkansas, May through July in the Terek River | ['May', 'July', 'June'] | Kolar, 2005 |
39 | Spawning season | The grass carp spawns earlier, at a lower temperature than silver carp and big head | No data | Ciolac, 2004 |
39 | Spawning season | Occurs in June through July, mainly from the second half of June to the first half of July | ['June', 'July'] | Gorbach and Kryhtin, 1988 |
39 | Spawning season | In the Changjiang River drainage, silver carp and grass carp generally starts spawning in late April or early May | ['April', 'May'] | Naca, 1989 |
48 | Spawning release | The average egg deposition was 3 hours, several clutches | Mutliple | Verigin, 1999 |
49 | Parity | Up to 10 or 15 years of age | No category | Kolar, 2005 |
49 | Parity | After spawning, beginning of July, gradually return to feed and over-winter | Iteroparous | Gorbach and Kryhtin, 1988 |