NACA (1989) Integrated fish farming in China. NACA Technical Manual 7.
A World Food Day publication of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific,
Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
Carassius carassius | Spawning conditions | Mating system | In estrus, two or three males chase one female, the male repeatedly hits its head against the female's abdomen until the female is lying on its side adjacent to some aquatic plants. | No category |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Mating system | In estrus, two or three males chase one female, the male repeatedly hits its head against the female's abdomen until the female is lying on its side adjacent to some aquatic plants. | No category |
Carassius carassius | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning activity proceeds from midnight to dawn. If environmental conditions are favourable, however, these fish can spawn the whole day | Ambiguous |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning activity proceeds from midnight to dawn. If environmental conditions are favourable, however, these fish can spawn the whole day | Ambiguous |
Aristichthys nobilis | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | The eggs are fertilized in the water | Pelagophils |
Carassius carassius | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | The fundamental requirement for spawning is the presence of susbstrat (e.g. aquatic plants) that the eggs can adhere to | Phytophils |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | The eggs are fertilized in the water | Pelagophils |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | The fundamental requirement for spawning is the presence of susbstrat (e.g. aquatic plants) that the eggs can adhere to | Phytophils |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | The eggs are fertilized in the water | Pelagophils |
Aristichthys nobilis | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | The optimum temperature for spawning is 22-28°C | 25.0 °C |
Carassius carassius | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Although the spawning season begins at different times, water temperature requirements are identical, at least 20°C | 20.0 °C |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | The optimum temperature for spawning is 22-28°C | 25.0 °C |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Although the spawning season begins at different times, water temperature requirements are identical, at least 18°C | 18.0 °C |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | The optimum temperature for spawning is 22-28°C | 25.0 °C |
Carassius carassius | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Naturally reproduce in the still or running waters of Southern and Nothern China | No category |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Naturally reproduce in the still or running waters of Southern and Nothern China | No category |
Aristichthys nobilis | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | Pectoral fin is smooth | Absent |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | The pectoral fins are thin and short, spreading out spontaneously like a fan. No pearl organs appear | Absent |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | Pectoral fin is smooth | Absent |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | The pectoral fins are thin and short, spreading out spontaneously like a fan. No pearl organs appear | Absent |
Aristichthys nobilis | Female | Maximum GSI value | Average maturity rate 13.6% | 13.6 percent |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Maximum GSI value | Average maturity rate of 14.2% | 14.2 percent |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Female | Maximum GSI value | Average maturity rate 15.1% | 15.1 percent |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Female | Maximum GSI value | Average 11.00 | 11.0 percent |
Aristichthys nobilis | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Edges of the upper rims of several of the foremost pectoral fin rays are sharp and slant backward | Absent |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | The pectoral fin rays are thick and long, extending freely like sharp knives. In the reproduction season, pearl organs appear on the pectoral fins and opercula of mature male fish. They are coarse to the touch | Absent |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | There is a row of fine bony atenoid serrations on several of the foremost fin rays of the pectoral fin. They are coarse and thorny and present throughout the life of the fish* | Present |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | The pectoral fin rays are thick and long, extending freely like sharp knives. In the reproduction season, pearl organs appear on the pectoral fins and opercula of mature male fish. They are coarse to the touch | Absent |
Aristichthys nobilis | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs are seperated and nonadhesive | Non-Adhesive |
Carassius carassius | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs are seperated and nonadhesive | Non-Adhesive |
Cyprinus carpio | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs are seperated and nonadhesive | Non-Adhesive |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs are seperated and nonadhesive | Non-Adhesive |
Cyprinus carpio | Egg | Incubation time | At 20°C, the fertilized eggs of common carp take 101-104 hours to incubate, at 25°C, 49-53 hours, at 30°C, 47-50 hours | 102.5 days |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Egg | Incubation time | 61 hours [At 18°C], 50 [20°C], 24 [25°C], 18 [28°C], 16 [30°C] | 61.0 days |
Aristichthys nobilis | Female | Relative fecundity | Avrage relative fecundity 96.7 | 96.7 thousand eggs/kg |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Relative fecundity | Average fecundity of 90.2 | 90.2 thousand eggs/kg |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Female | Relative fecundity | Average 131 | 131.0 thousand eggs/kg |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Female | Relative fecundity | Average 93.1 | 93.1 thousand eggs/kg |
Aristichthys nobilis | Egg | Temperature for incubation | The optimum temperature is between 25 and 27°C | 25.0 °C |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Temperature for incubation | The optimum temperature is between 25 and 27°C | 25.0 °C |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Egg | Temperature for incubation | The optimum temperature is between 25 and 27°C | 25.0 °C |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Egg | Temperature for incubation | The optimum temperature is between 25 and 27°C | 25.0 °C |
Aristichthys nobilis | Egg | Egg size after water-hardening | After the eggs have been fertilized and have absorbed water, the egg membrane expands to about 5-6 mm | 5.5 mm |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Egg size after water-hardening | After the eggs have been fertilized and have absorbed water, the egg membrane expands to about 5-6 mm | 5.5 mm |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Egg | Egg size after water-hardening | After the eggs have been fertilized and have absorbed water, the egg membrane expands to about 5-6 mm | 5.5 mm |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Egg | Egg size after water-hardening | After the eggs have been fertilized and have absorbed water, the egg membrane expands to about 5-6 mm | 5.5 mm |
Aristichthys nobilis | Egg | Egg Buoyancy | Having a greater specific gravity than water, eggs sink to the bottom in still water, yet, they are semi-buoyant in a current, floating until the fry hatch | Ambiguous |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Egg Buoyancy | Having a greater specific gravity than water, eggs sink to the bottom in still water, yet, they are semi-buoyant in a current, floating until the fry hatch | Ambiguous |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Egg | Egg Buoyancy | Having a greater specific gravity than water, eggs sink to the bottom in still water, yet, they are semi-buoyant in a current, floating until the fry hatch | Ambiguous |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Egg | Egg Buoyancy | Having a greater specific gravity than water, eggs sink to the bottom in still water, yet, they are semi-buoyant in a current, floating until the fry hatch | Ambiguous |
Aristichthys nobilis | Female | Absolute fecundity | Average fecundity: 1,925,000 | 1.0 thousand eggs |
Carassius carassius | Female | Absolute fecundity | A 0.5-1 kg crucian carp has an average fecundity of 200,00 - 300,000 pieces | 0.75 thousand eggs |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Absolute fecundity | Average 830,000 | 830.0 thousand eggs |
Cyprinus carpio | Female | Absolute fecundity | The average fecundity of a 3-year-old, 44-48 cm, 1.9-2.75 kg, common carp is around 224,000 pieces. For a 5-year-old, 54 cm, 3.5 kg common carp, the fecundity is around 447,000 pieces. | 46.0 thousand eggs |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Female | Absolute fecundity | Average absolute fecundity: 1,035,000 | 1.0 thousand eggs |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Female | Absolute fecundity | Average 2,131,000 | 2.0 thousand eggs |
Aristichthys nobilis | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | In the Changjiang River drainage, bighead carp begins to spawn in middle or late May | ['May'] |
Carassius carassius | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Spawn from the end of March to early April in Central and central eastern part of China, from April to May in Northern China, and in June on northeastern China. | ['April', 'March', 'May', 'June'] |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | In the Changjiang River drainage, silver carp and grass carp generally starts spawning in late April or early May | ['April', 'May'] |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Spawn from the end of March to early April in Central and central eastern part of China, from April to May in Northern China, and in June on northeastern China. | ['April', 'March', 'May', 'June'] |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | In the Changjiang River drainage, silver carp and grass carp generally starts spawning in late April or early May | ['April', 'May'] |
Aristichthys nobilis | Female | Weight at sexual maturity | Average weight of 19,900 kg for fishes in the Changjiang River | 19.0 kg |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Weight at sexual maturity | Average weight of 9,200 kg for fishes in the Changjiang River | 9.0 kg |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Female | Weight at sexual maturity | Average body weigth 7,900 kg in the Changjiang | 7.0 kg |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Female | Weight at sexual maturity | Average weight of 22,900 kg for fishes in the Changjiang River | 22.0 kg |
Aristichthys nobilis | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Rearing fry and fingerlings involves nurturing 3-4 day-old postlarvae, which have begun to eat | 3.5 °C * day |
Ctenopharyngodon idella | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Rearing fry and fingerlings involves nurturing 3-4 day-old postlarvae, which have begun to eat | 3.5 °C * day |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Rearing fry and fingerlings involves nurturing 3-4 day-old postlarvae, which have begun to eat | 3.5 °C * day |
Mylopharyngodon piceus | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Rearing fry and fingerlings involves nurturing 3-4 day-old postlarvae, which have begun to eat | 3.5 °C * day |
Aristichthys nobilis | Larvae | Initial larval size | 8.1 mm at 2 days old | 8.1 mm |
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix | Larvae | Initial larval size | 7.2 mm for 2 days old larvae | 7.2 mm |
Carassius carassius | Female | Age at sexual maturity | In the Changjiang River and Yellow River basins, generally reach maturity at 2 years. In northeastern China, sexual maturity arrives later when the fish is larger | 2.0 year |
Cyprinus carpio | Female | Age at sexual maturity | In the Changjiang River and Yellow River basins, generally reach maturity at 2 years. In northeastern China, sexual maturity arrives later when the fish is larger | 2.0 year |