Leucaspius delineatus

Scientific name

Common name

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Trait completeness	70%
Total data	121
References	20

Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved

Traits detail

Egg (100.0%)

Trait id	Trait	Primary data	Secondary Data	References
1	Oocyte diameter	0.5-1.5	1.0 mm	Coad, 2005
1	Oocyte diameter	1-1.4	1.2 mm	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
1	Oocyte diameter	1.4	1.4 mm	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
1	Oocyte diameter	1-1.4 [Not specified]	1.2 mm	Agence de l'eau,
2	Egg size after water-hardening	1.3-1.4 [After swelling]	1.35 mm	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
2	Egg size after water-hardening	1.1-1.3 [After swelling]	1.2 mm	Bonislawska and Winnicki, 2000
2	Egg size after water-hardening	1.25 ± 0.04, n=100 [Eggs stripped from mature females, fertilized and incubated in water: hydrated eggs]	1.25 mm	Bonislawska et al, 2001
2	Egg size after water-hardening	1.14-1.31 [Egg swollen]	1.23 mm	Bonislawska et al, 2000
2	Egg size after water-hardening	Mean of 1.26 [Swollen egg]	1.26 mm	Bonislawska et al, 1999
3	Egg Buoyancy	Demersal	Demersal	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
4	Egg adhesiveness	Sticky	Adhesive	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
4	Egg adhesiveness	Adhesive	Adhesive	Gozlan et al, 2003
4	Egg adhesiveness	Adhere to other eggs in the strip, highly adhesive chorion	Adhesive	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
4	Egg adhesiveness	Mucopolysaccharides contained in the ovarian fluid harden in water, adhering the eggs to the substraum	Adhesive	Bonislawska et al, 1999
5	Incubation time	10	10.0 days	Billard, 1997
5	Incubation time	5-6 [22-24°C], 6-7 [21°C]	5.5 days	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
5	Incubation time	3-3.5 [At 24.7°C], also described as 6-7 days [At 21-22°C], and 4 [At 25-26°C]	3.25 days	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
5	Incubation time	5 days at 20°C; also described as 4 days in 20°C; also described as 5-6 days in 22-23.6°C	5.5 days	Bonislawska et al, 1999
6	Temperature for incubation	22-24	23.0 °C	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
6	Temperature for incubation	From activation to hatching, water temperature ranged between 22.8 and 26.5°C	22.8 °C	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
6	Temperature for incubation	Mean water temperature in the laboratory was 20°C (daily variations ±1°C)	20.0 °C	Bonislawska et al, 1999
7	Degree-days for incubation	110-145	127.5 °C * day	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
7	Degree-days for incubation	100-130	115.0 °C * day	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
7	Degree-days for incubation	75.5-80.7	78.1 °C * day	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
7	Degree-days for incubation	99.2-101	100.1 °C * day	Bonislawska et al, 2000
7	Degree-days for incubation	About 100 at 20°C	100.0 °C * day	Bonislawska et al, 1999
7	Degree-days for incubation	110-145	127.5 °C * day	Agence de l'eau,

Larvae (86.0%)

Trait id	Trait	Primary Data	Secondary Data	References
8	Initial larval size	4-4.5	4.25 mm	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
8	Initial larval size	Mean 5.11, range 4.83-5.27	5.05 mm	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
8	Initial larval size	TL = 6.1, for eleuterembryo in developental stage A, just hatched (6 days 5 hours from the beginning of development)	6.1 mm	Penaz, 1971
8	Initial larval size	Slim larva, carrying a small yolk sac, was 4.25 mm long on the average (the smallest one 4.1 mm, the longest 4.4 mm)	4.25 mm	Bonislawska et al, 1999
9	Larvae behaviour	Pelagic, highly active near the surface	Pelagic	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
9	Larvae behaviour	Newly-emerged larvae swim actively	Demersal	Mann, 1996
9	Larvae behaviour	The earliest embryos to hatch were onyl able to perform sudden bursts of activity and appeared to be able to swim a few centimetres from the bottom before sinking again. Those embryos that hatched lated, however, were able to perform more sustained swimming that were soon able to swim to the surface	Demersal	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
9	Larvae behaviour	A specific prolongation of embryonic development within the membane seems to be a fairly unusual development phenomenon; as a result the hatching larvae is capable of an independent life in water [Others described as: hatched larvae had no cement glands and were so advanced in develoment that were able to commence active life and form soals under the water surface as soon as they left the egg membranes while also described as that sun bleak larvae, as of other cyprinids, first attached themselves to the substraum, and sawm upward, to the surface, to fill the air bladder, only after having resorbed the yolk sac]	Demersal	Bonislawska et al, 1999
11	Temperature during larval development	After hatching free-embryos and larvae in the aquarium were subsjected to temperatures ranging between 15.1 and 27.5°C, with mean daily temperatures ranging between 16.9 and 26°C (mean 21.6°C).	15.1 °C	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
11	Temperature during larval development	Reared at 20°C	20.0 °C	Bonislawska et al, 1999
12	Sibling intracohort cannibalism	With the onset of spawning period, adults may turn on feeding on their own eggs and larvae	Absent	Pipoyan, 1996
12	Sibling intracohort cannibalism	Throughout the spawing season, filial and hetero-cannibaslim was observed in all groups of individuals except parasitic males. Cannibalism in males guarding the nest site containing eggs was rare	Present	Gozlan et al, 2003
13	Full yolk-sac resorption	90-100 DD: By day 8, only a small portion of yolk reserves remained to be absorbed (less than 75.5-80.7 hours for incubation) at 21.6°C	95.0 °C * day	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
13	Full yolk-sac resorption	Contents of small yolk sac were very quickly resorbed: 1-2 days at 20°C	1.5 °C * day	Bonislawska et al, 1999
14	Onset of exogeneous feeding	Onset of exogeneous feeding for the first embryo 88 hours at 21.6°C] .i.e. 3-16 hours after hatching	9.5 °C * day	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004

Female (58.0%)

Trait id	Trait	Primary Data	Secondary Data	References
15	Age at sexual maturity	1 [Female]	1.0 year	Le Louarn, 2001
15	Age at sexual maturity	Sexual maturity is attained at the age of two years (both males and females)	2.0 year	Bonislawska et al, 1999
16	Length at sexual maturity	5.4	5.4 cm	Gozlan et al, 2003
18	Female sexual dimorphism	Females have a unique fold of skin in the shape of two, large rounded papilla around the genital opening	Present	Coad, 2005
18	Female sexual dimorphism	Females have three small bulges near anus	Absent	Bonislawska et al, 1999
19	Relative fecundity	Relative fecundity is very high from 300 thousand to 900 thousand egg per Kg	300.0 thousand eggs/kg	Bonislawska et al, 1999
20	Absolute fecundity	0.4-3.5	1.95 thousand eggs	Coad, 2005
20	Absolute fecundity	0.6-2.3	1.45 thousand eggs	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
20	Absolute fecundity	Low ranging from 700 to 2100 eggs	700.0 thousand eggs	Bonislawska et al, 1999
20	Absolute fecundity	100-200 (600) eggs per female	150.0 thousand eggs	Agence de l'eau,
21	Oocyte development	Asynchronous	Asynchronous	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
21	Oocyte development	Three kind of ovocytes during the spanwing season	No category	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
24	Maximum GSI value	Mean about 13%, up to 16% [In May]	13.0 percent	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991

Male (44.0%)

Trait id	Trait	Primary Data	Secondary Data	References
27	Age at sexual maturity	1 [Male]	1.0 years	Le Louarn, 2001
27	Age at sexual maturity	Sexual maturity is attained at the age of two years (both males and females)	2.0 years	Bonislawska et al, 1999
27	Age at sexual maturity	1 [Sex not specified]	1.0 years	Agence de l'eau,
28	Length at sexual maturity	4.5-5.5 [Territorial male]	5.0 cm	Gozlan et al, 2003
30	Male sexual dimorphism	Prominent nuptial tubercles on the dorsal head surface, snout, on the lower jaw in three pairs on the upper jaw in two pairs for a total of about 60 tubercules. The genital opening is depressed	Present	Coad, 2005
30	Male sexual dimorphism	Nuptial tubercles on male at maturity	Present	Billard, 1997
30	Male sexual dimorphism	Reproducing males have white spawing tubercles characteristic of many male cyprinids in spawning condition	Absent	Bonislawska et al, 1999

Spawning conditions (73.0%)

Trait id	Trait	Primary Data	Secondary Data	References
36	Spawning migration distance	No migration	No data	Agence de l'eau,
39	Spawning season	April-May	['April', 'May']	Billard, 1997
39	Spawning season	April-May and July-August	['April', 'May', 'July', 'August']	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
39	Spawning season	March to September	['March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']	Coad, 2005
39	Spawning season	Mid-May to Mid-July	['May', 'June', 'July']	Le Louarn, 2001
39	Spawning season	June to August	['June', 'July', 'August']	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
39	Spawning season	Commences in May, depedning on thermal conditions, and last until August	['May', 'August']	Bonislawska et al, 1999
39	Spawning season	May to July	['May', 'June', 'July']	Agence de l'eau,
40	Spawning period duration	4-5	4.5 weeks	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
40	Spawning period duration	Few weeks	No data	Coad, 2005
40	Spawning period duration	8 [From May, 17 to July, 16]	8.0 weeks	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
40	Spawning period duration	Commences in May, depedning on thermal conditions, and last until August	No data	Bonislawska et al, 1999
41	Spawning temperature	18 is the miminum temperature required for reproduction	18.0 °C	Coad, 2005
41	Spawning temperature	15-24	19.5 °C	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
41	Spawning temperature	15-20	17.5 °C	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
41	Spawning temperature	16.0-20.4	18.2 °C	Gozlan et al, 2003
41	Spawning temperature	Commnenced spawning at water temperature fo 15°C	15.0 °C	Bonislawska et al, 1999
42	Spawning water type	Sunbleak typically lay their eggs on marginal macrophytes that generally grouw out of anoxic silt	No category	Pinder and Gozlan, 2004
44	Spawning substrate	Phytophil: in plants	Phytophils	Billard, 1997
44	Spawning substrate	Around aquatic plants	Phytophils	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
44	Spawning substrate	Around plants or on any flat surface	Phytophils	Coad, 2005
44	Spawning substrate	Large leafs, around stems, and floatings objects	No category	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
44	Spawning substrate	Phytophils: eggs are laid in thin ribbons on plat leaves and stems	Phytophils	Mann, 1996
44	Spawning substrate	Phytophil	Phytophils	Wolter and Vilcinskas, 1997
44	Spawning substrate	Phytophil	Phytophils	Balon, 1975
44	Spawning substrate	Submerged plants, roots and sunken objects	Phytophils	Bonislawska et al, 1999
44	Spawning substrate	On plants	Phytophils	Agence de l'eau,
45	Spawning site preparation	Rudimentary nest	No category	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
45	Spawning site preparation	Females may also lay their eggs in a disc-shaped patch on any flat surface	Susbtrate chooser	Coad, 2005
45	Spawning site preparation	Kind of a nest	No category	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
45	Spawning site preparation	Male guards a single nest site, once a nest site is obtained, the male either encircled or remained a fixed position at the nest site, at times cleaning the nest surface with his mouth	No category	Gozlan et al, 2003
45	Spawning site preparation	Substratum choosers	No category	Balon, 1975
45	Spawning site preparation	Spawn on any smooth objects such as branches, floating leaves, plastic debris, even bottom of boats.	No category	Gozlan et al, 2003b
45	Spawning site preparation	Females deposits their eggs in a ribbon	No category	Bonislawska et al, 1999
47	Mating system	An individual male guard a nest, and females visit the nest	No category	Gozlan et al, 2003
48	Spawning release	Several spawnings occur over a few weeks	Multiple	Coad, 2005
48	Spawning release	Multiple spawner	Multiple	Rinchard, 1996
48	Spawning release	Fractional asynchronous	Fractional	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
48	Spawning release	Laid in strings. 50-350 eggs	No category	Coad, 2005
48	Spawning release	Fractionnal spawner : 3 spawns or five generations of ovocytes released by batch of 20-30	Multiple	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
48	Spawning release	Spawing is asynhcronous and fractional: the spawning consists of ribbon of 8-10 cm	Fractional	Le Louarn, 2001
48	Spawning release	Female lay one or several ribbons of eggs	Multiple	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
48	Spawning release	Female release a strip of up to 80 eggs	No category	Gozlan et al, 2003
48	Spawning release	Batch spawner	Multiple	Gozlan et al, 2003b
48	Spawning release	Typical multiple spawners	Multiple	Fredrich et al, 2003
48	Spawning release	Egg are laid in batches, so spawners spawn every few or every several days. Also observed that each female laid 3-5 batches of eggs	Multiple	Bonislawska et al, 1999
48	Spawning release	Fractional spawning with 3 to 5 generations of oocytes	Fractional	Agence de l'eau,
48	Spawning release	Batch spawning cyprinid	Multiple	Pinder et al, 2005
49	Parity	Life span is about 4-6 years with growth fairly continuous over this period	No category	Coad, 2005
49	Parity	Live up to 2-3 (5) years	No category	Agence de l'eau,
50	Parental care	Eggs are guarded and fanned by the male who covers them with a bacteriostatic thermal mucus	Biparental care	Coad, 2005
50	Parental care	Eggs are guarded by the male	Male parental care	Bruslé and Quignard, 2001
50	Parental care	Eggs are guarded by the male during the time of incubation (about 10 days)	Male parental care	Billard, 1997
50	Parental care	Eggs are protected	No category	Le Louarn, 2001
50	Parental care	Male guard and ventilate the "nest" until hatching	Male parental care	Cassou and Le Louarn, 1991
50	Parental care	Male guards a nest, chases and attcaks any untruders (bittig and head-butting)	Male parental care	Gozlan et al, 2003
50	Parental care	The egg guarding behaviour of the males	No category	Gozlan et al, 2003b
50	Parental care	Sun bleak are egg guarder; as soon as he eggs are fertilized, the male starts to fan and guard them eagerly	No category	Bonislawska et al, 1999
50	Parental care	Male aerate the eggs	Male parental care	Agence de l'eau,