Trait completeness | 98% |
Total data | 459 |
References | 77 |
Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved
Trait id | Trait | Primary data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.5-2.0 [Dry egg] | 1.75 mm | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2-2.5 [Not specified] | 2.25 mm | Spillmann, 1961 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2-2.5 [Ova or ferlilized egg before swelling] | 2.25 mm | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.3-2.4 | 2.35 mm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.3-2.4 [Before fertilization] | 2.35 mm | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.2-2.5 [Unfertilized egg] | 2.35 mm | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.5-3 | 2.75 mm | Fishbase, 2006 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.5-3 | 2.75 mm | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.14-2.48 [Average diameter of the largest oocyte in fully developed ovaries] | 2.31 mm | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.5-3.0 [Not specified, but seems unswollen] | 2.75 mm | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.8-3.0 [Irish pike] | 2.9 mm | Kennedy, 1969 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 2.8 [Mean diameter of mature, fully yolked, ovarian oocyte] | 2.8 mm | Olden et al, 2006 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | The range in corrected egg diameter would be 2.14-3.13 in March, unfertilized egg | 2.63 mm | Treasurer, 1990 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.5-2.9 [20-40% increase after water swelling] | 2.7 mm | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.5-3.0 | 2.75 mm | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.8-3.1 [mean=2.96, n=62] | 2.95 mm | Farrell et al, 1996 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.6-2.7 [After fertilization] | 2.65 mm | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.6-2.9 [Fertilized egg 3 hours after fertilization] | 2.75 mm | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | During water hardening, the volume of egg increases by 25-40% | 32.5 mm | Balvay, 1983 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.5-2.9 [Swollen eggs] | 2.7 mm | Bonislawska and Winnicki, 2000 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.68 ± 0.11, n=212 [Eggs stripped from mature females, fertilized and incubated in water: hydrated eggs] | 2.68 mm | Bonislawska et al, 2001 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.38-2.88 [A female (3.5 years, 1.4 kg) considered to be of medium size, produced the biggest eggs: 2.58-2.88, while eggs of a very small female, probably spawning for the first time (weight 0.3,) and a very big one (4.4 Kg) and the oldest -5 years) were almost the same size (2.38-2.70 mm) | 2.54 mm | Bonislawska et al, 2000 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | Mean size of 2.48 for 41-cm female and 2.80 for 101-cm female [When the eggs reached the 'eye' stage, a sample of 50 from each pike was taken and the diameters measured using a binocular microscope] | 2.48 mm | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal [Sink after extrusion] | Demersal | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal [Sink to the bottom] | Demersal | Dorier, 1938 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal [On the bottom] | Demersal | Fishbase, 2006 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal | Demersal | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal | Demersal | Kunz, 2004 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive | Spillmann, 1961 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adheside [Stick to plants] | Adhesive | Dorier, 1938 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Sticky | Adhesive | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The egg are adhevise, however after water hardening the eggs lose their adhesiveness | Adhesive | Farrell et al, 1996 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs are adhesive to aquatic plants (due to adhesive membrane) | Adhesive | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Very adhesive, and remain attached to the vegetation of the spawning area | Adhesive | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive | Mann, 1996 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive eggs scattered over vegetation stick to the stems of plants | Adhesive | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs of the pike were found to cohere to each other very strongly after 5 minutes in water | Non-Adhesive | Kunz, 2004 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive eggs | Adhesive | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive | June, 1977 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Eggs adhere to vegetation or debris at spawning site | Adhesive | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Fertilized eggs swell and adhere to plants, which prevents them from sinking down to the bottom | Adhesive | Vehniäinen et al, 2007 |
5 | Incubation time | 8-15 | 11.5 days | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
5 | Incubation time | 10-12 | 11.0 days | Spillmann, 1961 |
5 | Incubation time | 15-30 [Depending on the water temperature] | 22.5 days | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
5 | Incubation time | 30.9 [5.8°C], 15.2 [9.0°C], 9.4 [12.0°C], 6.3 [15°C], 4.7 [18°C] | 30.9 days | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
5 | Incubation time | 10-12 [At 11.5°] | 11.0 days | Dorier, 1938 |
5 | Incubation time | 10-11 | 10.5 days | Bryan, 1967 |
5 | Incubation time | 23-29 [6°C], 4-5 [18°C] | 26.0 days | Fishbase, 2006 |
5 | Incubation time | 12-14 days at prevailing water temperatures, but 4-5 days at 17.8-20°C | 13.0 days | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
5 | Incubation time | 10-14 days | 12.0 days | Kennedy, 1969 |
5 | Incubation time | 14-21 | 17.5 days | Bagenal, 1971 |
5 | Incubation time | 12-14 [At 10°C], but 4-5 [17.8-20.0°C] | 13.0 days | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
5 | Incubation time | 13 [Mean time to egg hatch within the range of average post-spawning the range post-spawning water temperatures] | 13.0 days | Olden et al, 2006 |
5 | Incubation time | 11-12 [At 12°C] | 11.5 days | Wurtz, 1944 |
5 | Incubation time | Yolk-sac fry hatched 8-12 days after fertilization at 15°C | 10.0 days | Giles et al, 1986 |
5 | Incubation time | Eggs hatch in 1-3-1/2 weeks, usually in 10-18 days at 52-42°F | 2.0 days | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 4-22 but in natural condition it is normally 4-16°C [5°C has negative effects] | 13.0 °C | Souchon, 1983 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 7-15 is the optimum | 11.0 °C | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 6.6-12.5 [Natural conditions] | 9.55 °C | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 3 [Lethal temperature] | 3.0 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 10 | 10.0 °C | Spillmann, 1961 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Lethal temperature are 3 and 24°C, optimum hatching are 6.2 to 20.5°C and best results at 9-12°C | 10.5 °C | Hassler, 1982 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Optimal 9, range 4-14 | 9.0 °C | Saat and Veersalu, 1996 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubated at 12.9 | 12.9 °C | Bonislawska et al, 2000 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubated at 12°C | 12.0 °C | Wurtz, 1944 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubated at 15°C [but the lake water temperature was ca. 12°C] | 15.0 °C | Giles et al, 1986 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | With lake water to maintain a natural temperature, which was 6-14°C (increasing during the experiment) | 10.0 °C | Keinänen et al, 2004 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | The fertilized and activated eggs were incubated at 7°C | 7.0 °C | Winnicki et al, 2004 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | At 10°C | 10.0 °C | Vehniäinen et al, 2007 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 120-140 | 130.0 °C * day | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 115-140 | 127.5 °C * day | Dorier, 1938 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 110-130 | 120.0 °C * day | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | About 120 [E = 4 + 1.2619-t] | 120.0 °C * day | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 120 [10 days at 12°C] | 120.0 °C * day | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 120 [Between 7 and 12°C] | 120.0 °C * day | Balvay, 1983 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 120 | 120.0 °C * day | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 100 | 100.0 °C * day | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 96.2-103.6 | 99.9 °C * day | Bonislawska et al, 2000 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 120-131 | 125.5 °C * day | Wurtz, 1944 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | [Yolk-sac fry hatched 8-12 days after fertilization at 15°C] | 10.0 °C * day | Giles et al, 1986 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 73 [Effective day-degrees] | 73.0 °C * day | Kamler, 2002 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 120 | 120.0 °C * day | Chimits, 1951 |
5 | Incubation time | 11 | 11.0 days | Wright, 1988 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 7.1-12.5; 14-21 | 171.5 °C * day | Winifred, 1967 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 6.6-10.2C; 14-21 | 8.4 °C * day | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 7-16 | 11.5 °C | Franklin, 1963 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.50-3.00 | 2.75 mm | Franklin, 1963 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Initial larval size | 8.5-8.7 | 8.6 mm | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
8 | Initial larval size | 8 | 8.0 mm | Spillmann, 1961 |
8 | Initial larval size | 8.5-9 | 8.75 mm | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
8 | Initial larval size | 8 | 8.0 mm | Dorier, 1938 |
8 | Initial larval size | 6.5-7.5, but also 8.0-9.0 | 7.0 mm | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
8 | Initial larval size | 7.5-8.2 | 7.85 mm | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
8 | Initial larval size | 6.5-10 [Encompassing all variations described] | 8.25 mm | Balvay, 1983 |
8 | Initial larval size | 6-8 | 7.0 mm | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
8 | Initial larval size | 6-8 | 7.0 mm | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
8 | Initial larval size | 7-9.8 | 8.4 mm | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
8 | Initial larval size | 8.0 | 8.0 mm | Olden et al, 2006 |
8 | Initial larval size | 5.0 | 5.0 mm | Wurtz-Arlet, 1950 |
8 | Initial larval size | Mean about 8, range 7-9 mm | 8.0 mm | Wurtz, 1944 |
8 | Initial larval size | Mean of 7.99 for 41-cm female and 8.09 for 101-cm female | 7.99 mm | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
8 | Initial larval size | The larvae are 8-9 mm long after hatching | 8.5 mm | Lappalainen et al, 2008 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Prolarvae remain motionless during all the priod of resorption of yolk | Demersal | Souchon, 1983 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain fixed on aquatic plants until the resorption of the yolk sac | Demersal | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain fixed for about 10-12 days at 11.5°C | Demersal | Dorier, 1938 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Many were attached to any available surface, usually vertical for 4-6 days, then are free | Demersal | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | The fry did not swim about freely, but remained hidden, apparently attached to vegetation for the first week after hatching | Demersal | Bryan, 1967 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain motionless, fixed, during about one week | Demersal | Balvay, 1983 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain fixed by cemant gland | Demersal | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain fixed vertically for about 130 DD, then swin near the surface | Demersal | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | They remain inactive, often attached to vegetation by means of adhesive glans on the head, for 6-10 days, and feed on the stored yolk | Demersal | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Attached to vegetation, the sac fry remain inactive for 6-10 days until the yolk is absorbed | Demersal | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Larvae remain atatched to vegetation for 6 to 10 days | Demersal | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Just after hatching, the young fry remain on the bottom. Then, about few hours, they stich, using their cemand gland, to various objects in the water: plants, … Remain there, motionless | Demersal | Wurtz, 1944 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | The fry attached to this substrate using the adhesive organ on the head | Demersal | Giles et al, 1986 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Pike perch hatched in the middle of May. After using their yolk whille still hanging on plants, pike larvae with some gas in the swim bladder were caught among the vegetation at the same time as the first roach and perch larvae hatched (24 May) | Demersal | Urho, 1996 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Prolarvae remain in attached to vegetation at spawning site for 5-10 days | Demersal | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Newly hatched larvae attached to plants remain nonmotile for the first few days of life | Demersal | Vehniäinen et al, 2007 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain attached to vegetation during the first 4-6 days. Thereafter, the larvae are 11-12 mm long, almost all of the yolk sac has been used, and they start to seek food | Demersal | Lappalainen et al, 2008 |
10 | Reaction to light | No photophobic reaction | Photopositive | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
10 | Reaction to light | Larvae are not photophobic | Photopositive | Mann, 1996 |
10 | Reaction to light | One-week-old freely swimming larvae are positively phototactic and often swim very near the surface, and they may thus become severely exposed to UV-B radiation | Photopositive | Vehniäinen et al, 2007 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 3 [larvae did not survive if left at 3°C], better at 10-20°C | 15.0 °C | Hassler, 1982 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 12 | 12.0 °C | Balvay, 1983 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 26°C for maximum larval growth | 26.0 °C | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared at 12.5°C | 12.5 °C | Wurtz, 1944 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared at 12°C | 12.0 °C | Giles et al, 1986 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared at 12°C | 12.0 °C | Engström-Öst et al, 2005 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | During the pike tests (28 May-12 June) the water temperature was 11.2 ± 0.7°C (mean ± SE of daily measurements; range 8.6-13.6°C, increasing during the tests) | 11.2 °C | Keinänen et al, 2000 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 12 | 12.0 °C | Engström-öst and Lehtiniemi, 2004 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | The water temperature of the lake varied from 14.4 to 17.8°C (15.7°C on average) during the experimental period | 14.4 °C | Ziliukiene and Ziliukas, 2006 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism occurred at the age of 3 weeks | Present | Wurtz, 1944 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Within 2 weeks, cannibalism among the young pike became apparent | Present | Bryan, 1967 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism occurred during the third weeks, at a size of 2.5 and below | Present | Chodorowski, 1975 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalistic [This is the cannibalistic individuals that grow bigger and faster] | Present | Chodorowska and Chodorowski, 1975 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism is common in pike, may occur as early as 21 mm [Cannibalism intensity is highest where growth is omst heterogeneous] | Present | Bry and Gillet, 1980 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | At a size of 9 cm, it becomes cannibalistic, but could ocur earlier at 2.3 cm if insect populations are absent | Absent | Balvay, 1983 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | At 28-35 days cannibalism occurred indepedently in all 12 tanks. The mean age at first cannibalism was 32 days (s.d. = 1.5 days) which occurred at a mean length of 30.3 mm (s.d. 4.3 mm) | Present | Giles et al, 1986 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism was observed from 21 days after the exogeneous feeding [mean total length 60 mm], most are "Type II cannibalism". May start at a total length of 21-23 mm | Present | Bry et al, 1992 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Present | Present | Hecht and Pienaar, 1993 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | The frequency of all cannibalistic attacks decreased in the order: highest>middle>lowest density | Present | Kucharczyk et al, 1997 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism occur when size is about 74 mm | Present | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism was noticed on the 12th day of the experiment when pike larvae reached 16.0-22.3 mm SL (18.7 mm on average) | Present | Ziliukiene and Ziliukas, 2006 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 160-180 | 170.0 °C * day | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 300 [End of the fixed period] | 300.0 °C * day | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 160-180 [i.e. 15 days at 11.2°C] | 170.0 °C * day | Balvay, 1983 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 130 | 130.0 °C * day | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | About 9-10 days | 9.5 °C * day | Bagenal, 1971 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 8 days at 12.5°C, at a size of ca. 14.5 | 8.0 °C * day | Wurtz, 1944 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | Yolk sacs were largely resorbed at 8 days (at 12°C) | 8.0 °C * day | Giles et al, 1986 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | About 14 days | 14.0 °C * day | Chimits, 1951 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | Pike larvae with yolk sac, 5 days post-hatch,were obtained from a fish hatchery in SW Finland | 5.0 °C * day | Engström-Öst et al, 2005 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 150-160 | 155.0 °C * day | Chauveheid and Billard, 1983 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 150-160 | 155.0 °C * day | Billard, 1996 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 10 days at 12.5°C | 10.0 °C * day | Wurtz, 1944 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | The fry began to feed at 7 days post-hatching when the yolk sac was almost completely absorbed (at 12°C) | 7.0 °C * day | Giles et al, 1986 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Pike larvae die within three days after the resorption of their yolk sac if no food is available to them | No data | Penaz, 1971 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Food was only detected in the alimentary tract of the larvae with the standard length no less than 12.8 mm | 12.8 °C * day | Ziliukiene and Ziliukas, 2006 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | present | Present | Winifred, 1967 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 9 days till resportion | 9.0 °C * day | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
8 | Initial larval size | 6.5-8 | 7.25 mm | Franklin, 1963 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | present | Present | Franklin, 1963 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Sex specified] | 3.5 year | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Sometimes up to 5-6] | 2.5 year | Billard, 1996 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [4 years in more Southern region] | 2.5 year | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Sex specified] | 2.5 year | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [Sex specified, rarely 1] | 2.0 year | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Both sex, but sometimes 1] | 2.5 year | Souchon, 1983 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3 [Female] | 3.0 year | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 in the south and 6 in the north [Female] | 3.5 year | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3 [31-36 months, age at maturation] | 33.5 year | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Both males and females] | 2.5 year | Environment agency, ??? |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2.0 [Both sex] | 2.0 year | Olden et al, 2006 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | In Labrador, pike generally mature at 3-5 years [Sex not specified] | 4.0 year | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | All females were mature at age 3 and a proportion in both lakes was mature at age 2 [in toher studies, range between from 1/4, 2 and 2/3] | 3.0 year | Treasurer, 1990 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 41.5 [The samllest maturing female is 25.7 cm] | 25.7 cm | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 30-40 | 35.0 cm | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 30-65 | 47.5 cm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 25.7-50.8 [Entire range] | 38.25 cm | Billard, 1996 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 31.0-49.8 [Sex specified, rarely 27.0] | 40.4 cm | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 44.0 [Both sex] | 44.0 cm | Olden et al, 2006 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | The smallest female on first spawning were 28 cm but some females of age 2 < 32 m were observed to be immature. The range in observed length of females at age 3 was 29-36 cm at Kinord and 44-51 cm at Davan [other studie both both sex: range from 30 to 119 cm] | 32.5 cm | Treasurer, 1990 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Mean of 41.22, range 35.2-58.0 for females studied | 46.6 cm | Banbura and Koszalinski, 1991 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 1-5 | 3.0 kg | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | In the female, there is a protuberance between the urogenital pore and the anus which does not exist in the male | Present | Billard, 1996 |
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | Female pike tend to live longer and attain heavier weights than male fish | Absent | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 20-45 | 32.5 thousand eggs/kg | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 30 | 30.0 thousand eggs/kg | Spillmann, 1961 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 15-45 | 30.0 thousand eggs/kg | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 15-45 [18-42] | 30.0 thousand eggs/kg | Souchon, 1983 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 19-33 | 26.0 thousand eggs/kg | Billard, 1996 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 15-45 | 30.0 thousand eggs/kg | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | Estimated as 9/ pound !! | 9.0 thousand eggs/kg | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 40.4 ± 12.5 | 40.4 thousand eggs/kg | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 25-39 | 32.0 thousand eggs/kg | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 15-30 | 22.5 thousand eggs/kg | Environment agency, ??? |
19 | Relative fecundity | 30 | 30.0 thousand eggs/kg | Kunz, 2004 |
19 | Relative fecundity | The relative fecundity of pike in the Lindford lakes (17 and 19 eggs per g) is low compared with the 27 eggs per g for windermere | 17.0 thousand eggs/kg | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 11-19 [In Lake Kniord], 10-24 [L. Davan], 9-15 [L. Skene], 27.3-39.3 [Windermere] | 15.0 thousand eggs/kg | Treasurer, 1990 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 49 ± 9.96 | 49.0 thousand eggs/kg | Banbura and Koszalinski, 1991 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 17-220 | 118.5 thousand eggs | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 200 | 200.0 thousand eggs | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 28-226 | 127.0 thousand eggs | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 6.0-233 [Full range for all sizes] | 119.5 thousand eggs | Billard, 1996 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 32 is the average number for mature female | 32.0 thousand eggs | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 0.524-123.896 | 62.21 thousand eggs | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 19.290-24.870 [Average number of vitellogenic oocyes of mature females in a single spawning season] | 22.08 thousand eggs | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Range between 20 and 60 000 for female 48 and 60 cm long respectively | 20.0 thousand eggs | Goedmakers and Verboom, 1974 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | The lowest calue of absolute fecundity was reported as 2300 eggs from a pike 25 cm in length form Lake disna in the Lithuaniana SSR. In the present study a 37-cm pike from St Peter's Lake was found to have only 44+6 eggs. | 2300.0 thousand eggs | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 2620-121092 [In Lake Kniord], 2933-104459 [L. Davan], 3877-18501 [L. Skene] | 61856.0 thousand eggs | Treasurer, 1990 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Mean of 19 465, range 9 068-38 567 | 53.0 thousand eggs | Banbura and Koszalinski, 1991 |
21 | Oocyte development | Group-synchronous | Group-synchronous | Rinchard, 1996 |
21 | Oocyte development | Group-synchronous | Group-synchronous | Lebeau, 1990 |
21 | Oocyte development | Group-synchronous | Group-synchronous | Luksiene et al, 2000 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | July-August | ['July', 'August'] | Souchon, 1983 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | July-August | ['July', 'August'] | Billard, 1996 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | August-September | ['August', 'September'] | Lenhardt, 1992 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | The sudden enlargement of ooctytes begins in August and is particularly intensive during September, October and November | ['August', 'September', 'October', 'November'] | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | August-September | ['August', 'September'] | Treasurer, 1990 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | Gonad growth began in August; testicular growth was completed by september | ['August'] | Diana and Mackay, 1979 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | August-September | ['August', 'September'] | June, 1977 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Winter [Important in increase in November, and continue to increase until spawning] | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'November'] | Lenhardt, 1992 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Increase regularly in the winter and then sharp increase in March-April | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April'] | Billard, 1996 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Increase regularly during the winter, mainly in January-February | ['January', 'February', 'March'] | Treasurer, 1990 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | February | ['February'] | June, 1977 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Almost 20% [Prior to spawning] | 20.0 percent | Billard, 1996 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | About 22% | 22.0 percent | Lenhardt, 1992 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Range between 15 and 25% in February | 15.0 percent | Goedmakers and Verboom, 1974 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Mean 8.98, range 3.81-11.28 [In L. Kinord], 8.32, range 7.42-8.92 [L. Davan], 4.0-8.7 [L. Skene], 15-20 [Windermere], 17 [Slapton Ley] | 7.54 percent | Treasurer, 1990 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | About 8% [In April] | 8.0 percent | June, 1977 |
25 | Oogenesis duration | 7-8 [From July-August until February-March] | 7.5 months | Souchon, 1983 |
25 | Oogenesis duration | 78 [From JulyAugust until March-April] | 78.0 months | Billard, 1996 |
26 | Resting period | 3 Months (June to end of August) | 3.0 months | Lenhardt, 1992 |
26 | Resting period | 3 months [June to end of August] | 3.0 months | Billard, 1996 |
26 | Resting period | February/April (spawning period) until July | 4.0 months | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
26 | Resting period | April until August | 6.0 months | Treasurer, 1990 |
26 | Resting period | Almost 0% (June, July, August) | 4.0 months | Lenhardt, 1992 |
26 | Resting period | < 1% [June, July] | 1.0 months | Billard, 1996 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Sex specified] | 2.5 years | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-4 [Male, but sometimes 1] | 3.0 years | Billard, 1996 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 1-2 | 1.5 years | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [Sex specified, but rarely 1] | 2.0 years | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Both sex, but sometimes 1] | 2.5 years | Souchon, 1983 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [But sometimes 1] | 2.0 years | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 in south and 5 in north [Male] | 2.5 years | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Both males and females] | 2.5 years | Environment agency, ??? |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2.0 [Both sex] | 2.0 years | Olden et al, 2006 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | Male first spawned at 2 years in both lakes [Other studies: mostly 2, once 1 or 3] | 1.0 years | Treasurer, 1990 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 20-30 | 25.0 cm | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 26.3-46 [Male] | 36.15 cm | Billard, 1996 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 30-45 | 37.5 cm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 27.5-48.0 [Sex specified, rarely at 24.7] | 37.75 cm | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 44.0 [Both sex] | 44.0 cm | Olden et al, 2006 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | Length of 27 cm [Other studies both sex range from 30-119 cm] | 74.5 cm | Treasurer, 1990 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.5-2 | 1.25 kg | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | September to November [High cellular activity, followed by maturation of spermatozoa from December to Mars-April] | ['April', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | August | ['August'] | Souchon, 1983 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | August | ['August'] | Billard, 1996 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | End of August | ['August'] | Lenhardt, 1992 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | Developing stage starts in September | ['September'] | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | Stage 2, from Septemeber to November | ['November'] | Hoffmann et al, 1980 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | Late August | ['August'] | Treasurer, 1990 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | Gonad growth began in August; ovarian growth occurred mainly during winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'August'] | Diana and Mackay, 1979 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | September-October | ['September', 'October'] | Lenhardt, 1992 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | October-November | ['October', 'November'] | Souchon, 1983 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | September-October [Spermatogenesis occurs under decreasing photoperiod and in a temperature of 10-20°C] | ['September', 'October'] | Billard, 1996 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | October, then the mature phase lasts from December until the spawn | ['October', 'December'] | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | Stage III, stage of maturity : December to March/April | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'December'] | Hoffmann et al, 1980 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | September October | ['September', 'October'] | Treasurer, 1990 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 2-3 | 2.5 percent | Suquet et al, 1994 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 2-3 [End of October] | 2.5 percent | Lenhardt, 1992 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 2.5 [Beginning of September then slighlty decline and remain at about 1.5% until spawning] | 2.5 percent | Billard, 1996 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 2.04 ± 0.78 [From December to April] | 2.04 percent | Hoffmann et al, 1980 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | Mean 0.94, range 0.84-1.05 [In L. Kinord], 1.14, range 0.99-1.20 [L. Davan] both in March, 2-4 [Windermere], 2 [Slapton Ley] | 0.95 percent | Treasurer, 1990 |
34 | Spermatogenesis duration | The entire process of spermatogenesis is short about 2 months, from August to November | 2.0 months | Billard, 1996 |
34 | Spermatogenesis duration | 2-3 [From end of August to November-December] | 2.5 months | Souchon, 1983 |
34 | Spermatogenesis duration | The developing stage and active spermatogenesis last from September until the end of November | 3.0 months | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
35 | Resting period | < 0.1 [June, July, mid-August] | 4.0 months | Lenhardt, 1992 |
35 | Resting period | <0.2 [June-July] | 3.0 months | Billard, 1996 |
35 | Resting period | The resting period last from June until the end of August | 3.0 months | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
35 | Resting period | Stage I, rest from June to August, and stage IV, stage of post-spawning March to May | 7.0 months | Hoffmann et al, 1980 |
35 | Resting period | The index declined to 0.04-0.08 after spawning in early April and rose from late August | 3.0 months | Treasurer, 1990 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
36 | Spawning migration distance | Migrations variables up to 15 to 78 km but rare, usually much shorter | 78.0 km | Souchon, 1983 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Quite short | No data | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Seasonal spawning migrations up to 10 km | 10.0 km | Environment agency, ??? |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Considered maily a sedentary species | No data | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Migrations could occur few days before spawning | No data | Souchon, 1983 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Individual spawner may arrive on the breeding ground some considerable time before it actuall spawns | No data | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Spawners move inshore or upstream to the marsh areas to spawn | No data | Fishbase, 2006 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Spawning run began on April 11 with a single female, rose rapidly to a peak in numbers of fish by April 18, declined rapidly and ended by April 20 [Mean temperature about 9°C] | ['April'] | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Nothern pike migrate to spawning areas immediatly after the ice melts in spring | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Sexually mature nother pike, undergo an early spring spawning migration | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Giles et al, 1986 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Migrate from deeper water to littoral areas or into tributaries at time of ice breakup, beginning at about 33-40°F; may begin to congregate at river mouths in late February before ice breakup | ['February'] | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
38 | Homing | The fish exibited no homing tendency for particular spawning grounds | Present | Souchon, 1983 |
38 | Homing | Kind of "homing" in a sense of returning repeatedly to spawn in the same place | Present | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
38 | Homing | The fish exibited no homing tendency for particular spawning grounds | Present | Franklin and Smith, 1963 |
38 | Homing | The degree of homing instinct to previously used spawning sites is unclear for this species | Present | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
39 | Spawning season | February-April | ['February', 'April'] | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
39 | Spawning season | May-June [Nothern latitudes], February-March [Southern latitudes] | ['February', 'March', 'May', 'June'] | Billard, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | Begin 25 April, peaked on 13-16 May, until 27 May | ['April', 'May'] | Farrell et al, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | February-End April [Northern Europe] and May-June [Northern region] | ['February', 'April', 'May', 'June'] | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | Mid-February until Mid-April | ['February', 'March', 'April'] | Lenhardt, 1992 |
39 | Spawning season | End of February in South, until April in North of France | ['February', 'April'] | Spillmann, 1961 |
39 | Spawning season | February-April | ['February', 'April'] | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
39 | Spawning season | April | ['April'] | Bryan, 1967 |
39 | Spawning season | February-March but May-June in certain regions | ['February', 'March', 'May', 'June'] | Souchon, 1983 |
39 | Spawning season | February-April | ['February', 'April'] | Billard, 1997 |
39 | Spawning season | February-March [South], until April [North and in mountains] | ['February', 'March', 'April'] | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | February until April, up to May | ['February', 'March', 'April', 'May'] | Fishbase, 2006 |
39 | Spawning season | April-early May, just after ice melts | ['April', 'May'] | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
39 | Spawning season | Greatest activity occurred in the later half of April | ['April'] | Lucas, 1992 |
39 | Spawning season | First half of March | ['March'] | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
39 | Spawning season | March-April | ['March', 'April'] | Mann, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | March-May | ['March', 'May'] | Environment agency, ??? |
39 | Spawning season | 14 April -7 May, aproximate peak 21 April | ['April', 'May'] | Bagenal, 1971 |
39 | Spawning season | Spring spawner, spawning commences shortly after ice-out but can sometimes occur before ice melts | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
39 | Spawning season | In Labrador, spawning normally takes place from mid-April to mid-May, shortly after ice-out | ['April', 'May'] | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
39 | Spawning season | Started in February and ended in March | ['February', 'March'] | Chimits, 1951 |
39 | Spawning season | Occurred between 17 March when all females examined (N=12) were foudn to be gravid and 16 April when all (N=13) were spent | ['March', 'April'] | Treasurer, 1990 |
39 | Spawning season | Mean peak spawning 25 April [Range: 27 March -3 June] in Lake Oahe, South and North Dakota | ['March', 'April', 'June'] | June, 1977 |
39 | Spawning season | Burbot were caught with nets from Lake Pyhäselkä in eastern Finland before and during the spawning season in January and Fabruary 2001 | ['January'] | Mustonen et al, 2002 |
39 | Spawning season | Usually late March-late April at 40-50°F | ['March', 'April'] | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
39 | Spawning season | In Fennoscandia, pike spawns in April-May | ['April', 'May'] | Vehniäinen et al, 2007 |
39 | Spawning season | In the northern areas, pike spawn after ice-break in the spring […] Mostly during May when water temperature reaches 10°C | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Lappalainen et al, 2008 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 1-4 for the spawning period [But from 4-11 for the presence of spawners on spawning grounds] | 2.5 weeks | Souchon, 1983 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 4-5 | 4.5 weeks | Farrell et al, 1996 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 2-4 [Males arrive earlier than females-Male can remain up to 38 days on spawning ground and female 27] | 3.0 weeks | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 1 | 1.0 weeks | Bryan, 1967 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Difficult to assess between few days to one month or more | No data | Franklin and Smith, 1963 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Spawned-out adults may stay on the spawning gorunds for as long as 14 weeks, but most leave within 6 | 14.0 weeks | Fishbase, 2006 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 2-4 [0.50-1.00 months, length of breeding season] | 3.0 weeks | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 7-8 | 7.5 weeks | Terver, 1984 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Ripe female pike were caught from 1 April until 4 May 1986, a period of 34 days, and from 30 March until 18 April in 1987, a period of 20 days | 1.0 weeks | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Spawning occurred in the first two weeks of April. In any one yeare spawning was usually over 2 weeks maximum | 2.0 weeks | Treasurer, 1990 |
40 | Spawning period duration | A period of 10-24 days | 17.0 weeks | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 6-7 [But from 5-13] | 6.5 °C | Souchon, 1983 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 7-10 | 8.5 °C | Spillmann, 1961 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 5-13 [7-12 peak deposition] | 9.0 °C | Farrell et al, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 7-11 | 9.0 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 6-12 | 9.0 °C | Hovarth et al, 1992 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 6 and over, between 6-8 | 7.0 °C | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 4.4-11.1 | 7.75 °C | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 8-10 | 9.0 °C | Lucas, 1992 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 5.5-9.8 | 7.65 °C | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 6-14 | 10.0 °C | Mann, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 4-11 | 7.5 °C | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Rise in temperature 6-10°C | 8.0 °C | Environment agency, ??? |
41 | Spawning temperature | 4.4-12°C, but generally 9°C [The start of spawning period usually coincides with the period of peak run-off when water temperatures are approximately 4.4°C, the spawning period ends when water temperature reach 13°C) | 8.2 °C | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 40 to 52°F | 40.0 °C | Wynne, 2006 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 5 [Temperature at which spawning is typically initiated] | 5.0 °C | Olden et al, 2006 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 6 to 14°C | 6.0 °C | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Spawning started at 6°C (in 1949) and 6.5°C (1948) and ended when temperature reach 8°C (in 1949) and 9.5°C (1948). Spawning stopped if water decreased below 6°C | 6.0 °C | Chimits, 1951 |
41 | Spawning temperature | In the present study, ripe pike were first caught at temperatures of 6.3°C in 1986 and 6.9°C in 1987 | 6.3 °C | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Usually late March-late April at 40-50°F | 45.0 °C | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Warmed to 8-12°C […] when the water temperature reaches 10°C | 10.0 °C | Lappalainen et al, 2008 |
42 | Spawning water type | Located in flooding areas and near the shore of lakes and ponds | Stagnant water | Souchon, 1983 |
42 | Spawning water type | Backwater habitats with little current or negligible current | Flowing or turbulent water | Farrell et al, 1996 |
42 | Spawning water type | Littoral zones of lake and border line of pond | Stagnant water | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Calm waters near the shoreline | Stagnant water | Spillmann, 1961 |
42 | Spawning water type | May spawn either in marshy areas of lakes or in connected soughs | Stagnant water | Franklin and Smith, 1963 |
42 | Spawning water type | At the lake edge or in flooded river areas | Stagnant water | Billard, 1996 |
42 | Spawning water type | Preferentially on flooding rivers and plants near shore | Stagnant water | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Rivers, marshes and bays of larger lakes | Stagnant water | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
42 | Spawning water type | Small tributary streams, marshes to adjacent to lakes or in shallow, weedy days of larger lakes or rivers | Stagnant water | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
42 | Spawning water type | No significant weter current and some protection from dominant winds. | Flowing or turbulent water | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
42 | Spawning water type | Shallow lake margins, inflowing streams, ditches and drainage marshes | Stagnant water | Giles et al, 1986 |
42 | Spawning water type | Shallow wind-sheltered area | No category | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
42 | Spawning water type | Some species seem to be strickly dependent on the tributary zone as they were never observed reproducing in the reservoir (asp, bleak, chub and white bream), while others are facultative tributary users (roach, bream, pike, perch, rudd). Generalists: fish spawning in suitable places both inthe tributary and the reservoir: bream, roach, perh, pike and ruffe | No category | Hladik and Kubecka, 2003 |
42 | Spawning water type | Areas with sluggish water current, including shore line weeds beds and marshes, sloughs, bays and harbors, river mouths, ditches, feeder streams, and temporarily flooded lowlands | Stagnant water | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow (0.2-1 m), that quickly warm | 0.6 m | Souchon, 1983 |
43 | Spawning depth | Areas less than 1 m deep | 1.0 m | Farrell et al, 1996 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.10-0.75 | 0.42 m | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
43 | Spawning depth | Prefer to spawn in 50 cm of water or less, and most spawn in 25 cm with a minimum of 5 to 7 cm | 50.0 m | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
43 | Spawning depth | Near the surface | No data | Franklin and Smith, 1963 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters, maximum 50 cm | 50.0 m | Billard, 1996 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters | No data | Billard, 1997 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.3-1 | 0.65 m | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.3-0.8 m | 0.55 m | Lucas, 1992 |
43 | Spawning depth | Are usually no deeper than 178 mm but can be up to 450 mm deep | 178.0 m | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
43 | Spawning depth | Generally 5-60 cm [also in Shallow vegetated area <4 m deep] | 32.5 m | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
43 | Spawning depth | To 24 feet, but usually less than 6 feet and often less than 2 feet | 24.0 m | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow water | No data | Engström-öst and Lehtiniemi, 2004 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters (depth < 1 m) | 1.0 m | Vehniäinen et al, 2007 |
43 | Spawning depth | These reed belts extend from supra-littoral zone to a depth of usually 1-1.5 m | 1.25 m | Lappalainen et al, 2008 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Aquatic plants | Phytophils | Spillmann, 1961 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Dense aquatic and terrestrial plants | Phytophils | Souchon, 1983 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Aquatic plants are necessary = phytophile | Phytophils | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Presence of plants [Usual substrata are old leaves and trees] | Phytophils | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Submerged aquatic plants | Phytophils | Frost and Kipling, 1967 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Eggs were concentrated in areas of terrestrial vegetation | Phytophils | Bryan, 1967 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Phytophil: plants | Phytophils | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | On heavily vegetated floodplains | No category | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Silt, detritus, and vegetation | Phytophils | Lucas, 1992 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Phytophils: eggs adhere to submerged macrophytes | Phytophils | Mann, 1996 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Dense weed | Phytophils | Environment agency, ??? |
44 | Spawning substrate | Phytophil | Phytophils | Wolter and Vilcinskas, 1997 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Optimal substrate is flooded vegetation, preferably grasses and sedges | Phytophils | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Phytophils | Phytophils | Balon, 1975 |
44 | Spawning substrate | The preferred spawning substrate is a moderatly dense mat of flooded vegetation in shallow (5-60 cm deep), wind sheltered area. Although grasses, sedges and rushes with fine leaves make the best substrate for egg deposition, the type of vegetation does not appear to be critical providing the vegetative susbtrate is adequate to entrap eggs and suspend them above the susbtrate where anoxic conditions can develop. The type of bottom over which spawning occurs varies widely, but a soft, silt-filled area with decaying vegetation is common . The absence of inundated vegetation can inhibit or delayed spawning. Thus, the following characterisctics constitute suitable spawning sites for pike; presence of live or decaying vegetation, shallowness, no significant weter current and some protection from dominant winds. | Phytophils | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
44 | Spawning substrate | The optimal spawing substratum for nothern pike is a dense mat of short vegetation. The type of vegetaton does not appear to be critical although grasses and sedges appear to be preferred | Phytophils | Wright and Shoesmith, 1988 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Scattered thair adhesive eggs on vegetation in the littoral zone of tributary embayments | Phytophils | June, 1977 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Eggsare scattered over soft bottom, with abundant emergent and submergent vegetation; may also spawn over gravel and rock | Lithophils | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Plants as the substratum | Phytophils | Engström-öst and Lehtiniemi, 2004 |
44 | Spawning substrate | With vegetation as spawning base | Phytophils | Vehniäinen et al, 2007 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Grasses and sedges are preferred, but other vegetation may be used. The shelter provided by vegetation is essential for the larvae and young pike […] Pike can spawn over a range of macrophyte species. However, reed belts formed by Phragmites australis are a dominant feature in sheltered shores, bays and estuaries in wide regions of the northern Baltic Sea coast, and this common habitat serves as a major spawning and larval area for pike | Phytophils | Lappalainen et al, 2008 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | No cleaning of the subrates prior to spawning and no nest | Open water/substratum scatter | Souchon, 1983 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | No | No category | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open water/substratum egg scatterers | Open water/substratum scatter | Fishbase, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | No nest is built, the eggs are scattered at radom | Open water/substratum scatter | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Deposited eggs | Susbtrate chooser | Lucas, 1992 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open substratum spawners | Open water/substratum scatter | Mann, 1996 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Zygotes are placed in a special habitat (e.g. scattered on vegetation, or buried in gravel) | Susbtrate chooser | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Random spawner | No category | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open substratum spawner | Open water/substratum scatter | Balon, 1975 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | The eggs are scattered over flooded terrestrial or aquatic vegetation | Open water/substratum scatter | Wynne, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Pike are broadcast spawners | Open water/substratum scatter | Bradbury et al, 1999 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Eggs are scattered | Open water/substratum scatter | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Early in the morning | Day | Spillmann, 1961 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Intensively during calm and warm afternoons | Day | Souchon, 1983 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | During the hottest hour of the day [mainly witout wind and clouds] | Day | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning take place on bright days, and cool nights tend to inhibit early morning spawning | Day | Franklin and Smith, 1963 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | During the hours of daylight | Day | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Genrally spawning occurs during the day | Day | Fishbase, 2006 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Generally, spawns during daylight hours | Day | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Greatly reduced nighttime activity | Night | Lucas, 1992 |
47 | Mating system | By pair, or by small groups of 1 female and 2-3 males | Monogamy | Spillmann, 1961 |
47 | Mating system | 3 to 5 male follow one female | Polyandry | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
47 | Mating system | Several males, usually smaller than the female, follow a female and spawn successively with it without any particular choice | No category | Souchon, 1983 |
47 | Mating system | The sexes pair and a larger female is usually attended by one or two smaller males | No category | Fishbase, 2006 |
47 | Mating system | The sexes pair at spawning time and a larger female is usually attended by one or two smaller males | No category | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
47 | Mating system | One or two smaller males pair up with one larger, mature female | No category | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
47 | Mating system | Group: communal spawning, one to three attendant males per female, male follow female while passing frequently to spawn | Promiscuity | Ah-King et al, 2004 |
48 | Spawning release | Single | Total | Rinchard, 1996 |
48 | Spawning release | Single spawner, developping egg in a single clutch annually | Total | Lebeau, 1990 |
48 | Spawning release | Each individual of both sex perfoms the spawning act only once annually | Total | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
48 | Spawning release | Batch spawner, one clear seasonal peak per year | Multiple | Fishbase, 2006 |
48 | Spawning release | Numerous release of small batches of eggs (5 à 60 ovules) within few hours, a great distance could be made between two spawns | Multiple | Souchon, 1983 |
48 | Spawning release | Frational spawning, over few days. Each spawning contains few dizaines eggs | No category | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
48 | Spawning release | Ova are released in small batches of 5-60 many times over some distance, ensuring a wide distribution | Multiple | Billard, 1996 |
48 | Spawning release | Batches over 2-5 days | Multiple | Le Louarn and Feunteun, 2001 |
48 | Spawning release | Only 5 to 60 eggs are released at a time, this act is repeated every few minutes for up to several hours. During the resting, both male and female may take new mates, or they may continue together for several days until all eggs are extruded | Multiple | Fishbase, 2006 |
48 | Spawning release | The spawning act is repeated many times during the day for 2-5 days [Usually in numbers of 5-60 at each spawning act] | No category | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
48 | Spawning release | Once a year | Total | Lenhardt and Cakic, 2002 |
48 | Spawning release | Single spawning per year | Total | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
48 | Spawning release | A single female may spawn over a period of several days | Multiple | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
48 | Spawning release | Eggs are shed in a succession of batches on flooded arable and grassland, or dense mats of aquatic vegetation | Multiple | Giles et al, 1986 |
48 | Spawning release | One single spawning | Total | Luksiene et al, 2000 |
49 | Parity | Iteroparous | Iteroparous | Souchon, 1983 |
49 | Parity | Iteroparous | Iteroparous | Billard, 1996 |
49 | Parity | Can be long-lived reaching at least 24 or 25 years | No category | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
49 | Parity | Return to lake after spawning | Iteroparous | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
50 | Parental care | Not any parental care | No care | Souchon, 1983 |
50 | Parental care | Not any parental care | No care | Toner and Lawler, 1969 |
50 | Parental care | Nonguarders | No care | Fishbase, 2006 |
50 | Parental care | Non-guarders | No care | Mann, 1996 |
50 | Parental care | No parental protection of zygotes, embryo and larvae | No care | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
50 | Parental care | Provides no parental care for eggs or young | No care | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
50 | Parental care | No parental care | No care | Ah-King et al, 2004 |