Kerr and Grant, 1999


Citation

Kerr, S.J. and Grant, R.E. (1999) Ecological impacts of fish introductions: Evaluating the risk.
Fish and Wildlife Branch, Ontation Ministry of Natural Resources

Associated characteristics

Species Development state Trait Primary Data Secondary Data
Pimephales promelas Egg Egg adhesiveness Eggs are adhesive Adhesive
Pimephales promelas Egg Incubation time 4.5-6 at 25°C 5.25 days
Pimephales promelas Egg Temperature for incubation 25 25.0 °C
Pimephales promelas Egg Degree-days for incubation 120-140 [4.5-6 days at 25°C] 130.0 °C * day
Pimephales promelas Larvae Initial larval size 5 5.0 mm
Pimephales promelas Larvae Larvae behaviour Newly hatched fry are translucent Demersal
Pimephales promelas Female Age at sexual maturity Females may mature in second summer 2.0 year
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Spawning season May or June until August ['May', 'June', 'July', 'August']
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Spawning period duration 10-12 [From late May and ends sometimes in August] 11.0 weeks
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 15-18, 14.4-18.3, 15.6-28.9 16.5 °C
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Spawning depth 0.6-0.9 m deep 0.75 m
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Eggs are laid on the underside of a rock, branch or log, also on stems of hardstem bulrush Lithophils
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Males construct nest No category
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning usually takes place at night, but will spawn during daylight hours Day
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Spawning release Fractional spawner Fractional
Pimephales promelas Spawning conditions Parental care Males guard nest Male parental care
Esox masquinongy Egg Egg Buoyancy Fertilized eggs drop into the vegetation No category
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Move to spawning sites at temperatures from 8.3-9.0°C No data
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Homing Reproductive homing to the same spawning area from year to year is reported Present
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning season Spring spawner, spawns shortly after ice has melted in late April or early May ['April', 'May', 'June']
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 9.4-15, other authors: 8-10.5°C; 7.8-13°C; 12.8 optimal 12.2 °C
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning water type Usually spawn at either the upper or lower ends of low gradient pools No category
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning depth Water 38-51 cm in depth [Sometimes up to 3 meters deep] 44.5 m
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Spawning activity usually occurs in heavily vegetated flooded areas No category
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Fertilized eggs are scattered at random Open water/substratum scatter
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Mating system Adults pair off at spawning time, usually one large female with one ot two smaller males No category
Esox lucius Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive eggs scattered over vegetation stick to the stems of plants Adhesive
Esox lucius Egg Incubation time 12-14 [At 10°C], but 4-5 [17.8-20.0°C] 13.0 days
Esox lucius Larvae Initial larval size 7-9.8 8.4 mm
Esox lucius Larvae Larvae behaviour Attached to vegetation, the sac fry remain inactive for 6-10 days until the yolk is absorbed Demersal
Esox lucius Larvae Temperature during larval development 26°C for maximum larval growth 26.0 °C
Esox lucius Female Female sexual dimorphism Female pike tend to live longer and attain heavier weights than male fish Absent
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Homing The degree of homing instinct to previously used spawning sites is unclear for this species Present
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning season Spring spawner, spawning commences shortly after ice-out but can sometimes occur before ice melts ['April', 'May', 'June']
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 4.4-12°C, but generally 9°C [The start of spawning period usually coincides with the period of peak run-off when water temperatures are approximately 4.4°C, the spawning period ends when water temperature reach 13°C) 8.2 °C
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning water type Small tributary streams, marshes to adjacent to lakes or in shallow, weedy days of larger lakes or rivers Stagnant water
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning depth Are usually no deeper than 178 mm but can be up to 450 mm deep 178.0 m
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Optimal substrate is flooded vegetation, preferably grasses and sedges Phytophils
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Random spawner No category
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Mating system One or two smaller males pair up with one larger, mature female No category
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning release A single female may spawn over a period of several days Multiple
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Parity Can be long-lived reaching at least 24 or 25 years No category
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Parental care Provides no parental care for eggs or young No care
Ambloplites rupestris Egg Incubation time 3-4 3.5 days
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning season Late spring and early summer ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 16-21; 15.6; 15.6-21.1 and 20.6-23.3 18.5 °C
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning depth 50-75 cm in depth 62.5 m
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Sand or gravel bottom, swamps, gravels shoals, coarse sand or gravel bottom Lithophils
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Male clear shawllow depression up to 0.6 m in diameter No category
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Mating system Individulas may spawn in different nests with different mates No category
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Parental care Males guard eggs and fry Male parental care
Lepomis gibbosus Egg Incubation time 3 3.0 days
Lepomis gibbosus Larvae Larvae behaviour Newly hatched inhabit nearshore open water areas Demersal
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning season Late spring, early summer ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 20, 18.9-21.1 20.0 °C
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Shallow water of ponds, lakes, slow-moving streams close to shore Stagnant water
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow waters: 20.3-40.6 cm or 15.2-30.5 cm or 15.2-45.7 30.45 m
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Aquatic vegetation with clay, sand or gravel bottom Lithophils
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Nest diameter usually two times length of the male No category
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Mating system Males and females may spawn more than once during the spanwing season No category
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Parental care Males guard nest and fry Male parental care
Micropterus dolomieui Egg Egg adhesiveness Eggs are adhesive in nature and stick to the nest substrate Adhesive
Micropterus dolomieui Egg Incubation time 12 days [12.8°C], 2-3 days [23-25°C] 2.5 days
Micropterus dolomieui Egg Temperature for incubation Hatching success occurs when temperatures range from 15.5-23.8°C 19.65 °C
Micropterus dolomieui Larvae Temperature during larval development Optimal growth at 25-29°C 27.0 °C
Micropterus dolomieui Female Age at sexual maturity 3-4 years [Sex not specified] 3.5 year
Micropterus dolomieui Male Age at sexual maturity 3-4 years [Sex not specified] 3.5 years
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Homing Homing tendencies are also displayed by smallmouth bass in stream environment Present
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning season During spring and early summer ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning period duration If temperatures remain stable, it is possible for smallmouth bass to occupy spawning sites as long as three to four weeks before spawning actually begins No data
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Varies: 15-18; 12.5-23.5; 12.8-20.0 16.5 °C
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning substrate The bottom material may be comprised of gravel, rock or less frequently, sand [The preferredsize of gravel or rock bubble is 3.3-6.0 cm in diameter] Lithophils
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The male sweeps the nest clean with his tail and occasionally carries stones and othe rmaterials from the nest area No category
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Mating system More than one female can spawn in the nest of a single male No category
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Parental care The males guards the nest from predators and fans the eggs during the inbubation period Male parental care
Micropterus salmoides Egg Egg Buoyancy Drop to the bottom of the nest Demersal
Micropterus salmoides Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive Adhesive
Micropterus salmoides Egg Incubation time 3-4 days when temperature is between 18.4-19.6°C 3.5 days
Micropterus salmoides Egg Temperature for incubation 18.4-19.6°C 19.0 °C
Micropterus salmoides Larvae Initial larval size 3.0-5.5 4.25 mm
Micropterus salmoides Larvae Reaction to light During daylight, fry remain about 0.6 m from the bottom in water from 3.0 to 3.4 m deep. During the night the brood becomes more closely packed and seeks out cover in vegetated areas in water 0.6 to 0.9 m deep Photophobic
Micropterus salmoides Larvae Temperature during larval development The first month of growth is optimal at 25°C to 29°C 25.0 °C
Micropterus salmoides Larvae Full yolk-sac resorption 180 [Whithin 10 days at 20°C, the largemouth bass fry become free-swimming shortly after which the yolk sac is fully absorbed] 180.0 °C * day
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Movements of largemouth bass of all ages appear somewhat limited, range from 1.1 to 25.6 km 25.6 km
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning season Spawn from late May to early August ['May', 'August']
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Between 15-24; also 16.7-18.3; the optimum being 21°C 19.5 °C
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning depth 0.33-1.33 deep 0.83 m
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Largemouth are known to nest on a wide variety of bottom mineral including sand, gravel, clay and mud or on roots of emergent vegetation Lithophils
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Nest builder [One or two days prior to egg laying the male largemouth bass selects a nest which is often situated near the protection of rocks, stumps, logs or weeds] No category
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Mating system Female may lay eggs in more than one nest during a single spawning season No category
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Parity Female spawn once a year Iteroparous
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Parental care Almost any substrate may be used as a nest site from rock to organic substrate. But mostly over gravel (coarse and fine), and mud, sand to mud below boulders No category
Perca flavescens Egg Incubation time 8-10 9.0 days
Perca flavescens Egg Temperature for incubation 12 is the optimal temperature 12.0 °C
Perca flavescens Larvae Initial larval size 5 5.0 mm
Perca flavescens Larvae Larvae behaviour The swim-up stage occurs within two to five days after hatching [The fry are slow swimmers and gather in dense schools which makes them vary vulnerable) Pelagic
Perca flavescens Larvae Sibling intracohort cannibalism Yellow perch are known to be cannibaslitic Absent
Perca flavescens Female Age at sexual maturity Female reach sexual maturity during their third or fourth summer 3.0 year
Perca flavescens Male Age at sexual maturity Males reach sexual maturity during their second summer 2.0 years
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Perch do not move extensively [Winter migrations take perch into deep water where maximum water temperatures are approximatively 4°C. in the spring fish begin to migrate to the shallow water spawning areas] 4.0 km
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning season Spaws in spring during a period when water temperatures begin to rise (mid-April to early May) ['April', 'May', 'June']
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning period duration The spawning period lasts between two and four weeks [Adult males arrive on the spawning grounds days or weeks before the females] No data
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Varies between authors: 5-14; 9-12; 7-11; 6.1-8.9 9.5 °C
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning water type Lakes and tributary streams [Sites protected from high winds and fast currents are chosen] Stagnant water
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning depth In lakes, spawning occrus at water depth from 0.5-3 m altough depths of up to 8 m have been reported in large lakes and reservoirs 1.75 m
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Yellow perch seem to have little preference for bottom type, allowing them a wide variety of habitat choices No category
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition The time at which yellow perch spawning occurs has been reported as being both at night and during the day Day
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Mating system Several males fertilize the eggs as they are extruded by the female in a gelatinous, convoluted string No category
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Parental care No parental care is provided to the eggs or fry No care
Sander vitreus Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive [Once they have water hardened, they lose their adhesive nature and the eggs drift into crevices in rock rubble or gravel] Adhesive
Sander vitreus Egg Incubation time 12-18, as early as 7 days [13.9°C] to 26 days [4.4°C] 15.0 days
Sander vitreus Larvae Larvae behaviour The fry are able to swim and feed within one week after hatching Demersal
Sander vitreus Larvae Reaction to light Fry are attracted to light Photopositive
Sander vitreus Larvae Temperature during larval development 23°C optimal for fingerling growth 23.0 °C
Sander vitreus Larvae Full yolk-sac resorption Feeding takes place before the yolk is fully absorbed No data
Sander vitreus Female Female sexual dimorphism Females typically grow much larger than males Absent
Sander vitreus Female Oogenesis duration < 10°C minimal temperature for gonad development 10.0 months
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Spawning migrations start at 3.3-6.7°C No data
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Homing Reproductive homing to the same spawning site is known to occur Present
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning season Spring spawner ['April', 'May', 'June']
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning period duration 1-2 weeks 1.5 weeks
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Generally begins at 5-10°C, with peak activity in the 7-8°C range 7.5 °C
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Turbid streams and rivers, rocky wave-shaded shallows of lakes or flooded wetland vegetation Stagnant water
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning depth Spawn at depth of 4 cm to 3 m 3.0 m
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Typical spawning sites include gravel-rubble shoals, gravel-cobble subtrates Lithophils
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Male are not territorial and no nest is built [Eggs are broadcast at random over suitable substrate] Susbtrate chooser
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawing takes place most often at night Night
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Mating system Generally involves groups of one large feamle and two smaller males or two females and up to six males Promiscuity
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Parity Walleye have been known to live as long as 26 years No category
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal [The eggs fall into crevices where they develop over the winter] Demersal
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Egg adhesiveness Not sticky [The eggs fall into crevices where they develop over the winter] Non-Adhesive
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Incubation time 150-170 160.0 days
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Temperature for incubation Optimal temperature is 0.5-1.0°C [Variation tolerate 0.5-6.0] 0.75 °C
Coregonus clupeaformis Larvae Larvae behaviour Tend to remain in the spawning gravel Demersal
Coregonus clupeaformis Larvae Reaction to light React negatively to light Photopositive
Coregonus clupeaformis Larvae Temperature during larval development Larvae most abundant in water of 4°C 4.0 °C
Coregonus clupeaformis Male Age at sexual maturity Males mature at an ealier age than females and die ealier No data
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Migrate to spawning grounds around mid-October when water temperatures begin to drop ['October']
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning season For the most part, spawning occurs in late October and early November [There have been instances where spawning has occurred into mid-December] ['October', 'November', 'December']
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Last for a week or ten days [Eggs being deposited over a period of several days] No data
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 4.4-10.0°C, even 3-4°C, most at less than 7-8°C [Most successful spawning occurs at temperatures <6.1°C] 7.2 °C
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning water type Spawning shoals of lakes Stagnant water
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning depth Spawn at depths between 1.8-18.3 m [Either at 9 m , 6-14 m deep, or 7.6 m ] 10.05 m
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Bottom type is often flat rock, stone or gravel or sometimes sand [Spawning shoals could also be composed of cobble-boulder limestone over a sand, clay or bedrock base located from the shoreline out to a depth of several metres] Lithophils
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning activity occurs at night Night
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning release Eggs being deposited over a period of several days Multiple
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Parity Lake withefish have a maximum life spawn of about 18 years No category
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Parental care No parental care is provided to the eggs or young No care
Oncorhynchus kisutch Egg Egg Buoyancy Soon absorb water, becoming water hardened and semi-buoyant Pelagic
Oncorhynchus kisutch Egg Egg adhesiveness Eggs are temporatily adhesive, but soon absorb water, becoming water hardened and semi-buoyant Adhesive
Oncorhynchus kisutch Larvae Larvae behaviour The young fish, called alevins, remain under the gravel until they are anywhere from two weeks to four months old Demersal
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning migration period The spawning run may begin in late August but heavy runs up tributaries are observed between mid-September and mid-November ['August', 'September', 'October', 'November']
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Homing Returns to natal stream to spawn Present
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning season Lake Erie spawn from early November to mid-December ['November', 'December']
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Between 1-10°C, mostly 7.8-11.1 5.5 °C
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning water type Prefers smaller fresh water streams with lower velocities than O. tshawytscha Flowing or turbulent water
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning depth 0.05-0.66 m [Prefers shallower streams than O. tshawytscha] 0.36 m
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning substrate 2-15 cm is the optimal spawning substrate [Prefers smaller substrates than O. tshawytscha] No category
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Once a site is selected, the females begins to construct a shallow depression in the gravel with her tail No category
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Parity Adult salmon spawn only once, then die Semelparous
Oncorhynchus mykiss Egg Incubation time 103.5 [3.9°C] and 19 [15°C] 103.5 days
Oncorhynchus mykiss Egg Temperature for incubation Optimum is about 10°C [21.0°C is the upper lethal temperature for embryo development] 10.0 °C
Oncorhynchus mykiss Larvae Larvae behaviour Immediate move downward into the gravel [prior to dispersal the alevins exhibt both horizaontal and vertical movements within the gravel] Demersal
Oncorhynchus mykiss Larvae Reaction to light Newly hatched alevin have a very strong negative response to light [emergence coincides with a sudden shift from photonegative to a higly photopositve state] Photophobic
Oncorhynchus mykiss Larvae Temperature during larval development 4° to <13°C [optimal 7-10°C] in nursery streams, 14.7° preferred by fingerling trout 8.5 °C
Oncorhynchus mykiss Larvae Sibling intracohort cannibalism Newly hatched rainbow trout are sometimes cannibalized by juveniles of the same species Absent
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Spawning runs start when water temperature are between 1 and 15, but are most commonly in the 9-10°C range No data
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning season Rainbow trout are basically spring spawners, although some autumn and winter spawning has been observed ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning period duration 2-6 4.0 weeks
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Basically at 3.9-9.4°C, but also described at 10-15°C 6.65 °C
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning water type Permanent headwater tributaries with cool, cela water that is well oxygenated [Water velocities of 23 to 155 cm/m] Flowing or turbulent water
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning depth 0.-1.5 m 0.75 m
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Nest constrution occurs both day and night Day
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Parental care Eggs are not guarded by either parents No care
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Egg Egg Buoyancy Soon absorb water, becoming water hardened and semi-buoyant Pelagic
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Egg Egg adhesiveness Eggs are temporarily adhesive, but soon absorb water, becoming water hardened and semi-buoyant Adhesive
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Egg Incubation time 193 [2°C], 149 [3°C], 120 [4°C], 100 [5°C], 85 [6°C], 74 [7°C], 65 [8°C], 58 [9°C] 193.0 days
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Egg Temperature for incubation 2-9 [Survival begins to decline when the temperatures go above 10°C, the upper tolearance limit for egg and larvae is somewhere between 412 and 15°C] 5.5 °C
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Egg Degree-days for incubation From 390-540 465.0 °C * day
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Larvae Larvae behaviour Following hatching the young fry, called alevin, remain in thegravel for several weeks Demersal
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Larvae Reaction to light Emergence occurs exclusively at night Photophobic
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Larvae Temperature during larval development Alevins can tolerate decreases of temeprature from 10 to 0°C [The upper temperature tolerance limit for egg and larvae is somewhere between 12 and 15°C] 10.0 °C
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Male Age at sexual maturity Usually in 2 and 3 [Male specified] 2.0 years
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Great lakes chinhook salmon will typically move to the mouths of spawning tributaries in August [Spawning runs occur from late August to mid-October], temperature is usually between 4-18°C ['August', 'September', 'October']
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Homing Chinook return to their home stream to spawn Present
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning season Either spawn in the spring or fall depending on the latitude, in Great lakes generally spawn in the fall ['April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning water type Larger mainstream and headwater tributaries [Where water velocities are not less than 0.3 m/s], most frequently at head of riffles Flowing or turbulent water
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning depth 0.5-4 m 2.25 m
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Spawning subrates sizes from fines (0.3 cm) to cobble (15cm) No category
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female begins to construt a shallow depression in the gravel with her tail No category
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Mating system Several males are attracted as the female starts to dig in earnest. The largest male dominates and joins her in the centre of the redd. No category
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Parity After about a week to ten days or more the adult male and female fish die Semelparous
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Parental care The female may guard the redd as long as she is able Female parental care
Salmo salar Egg Egg Buoyancy Eggs are temporarily adhesive, but soon absorb water, becoming water-hardened and semi-buoyant Pelagic
Salmo salar Egg Egg adhesiveness Eggs are temporarily adhesive, but soon absorb water, becoming water-hardened and semi-buoyant Adhesive
Salmo salar Egg Incubation time 110 days at 3.9 [Up to 195 days] 110.0 days
Salmo salar Egg Temperature for incubation Survive best at 10°C 10.0 °C
Salmo salar Egg Degree-days for incubation 400 [110 days at 3.9°C] 400.0 °C * day
Salmo salar Larvae Larvae behaviour The newly hatched fish, remain buried in the gravel until the yolk sac is fully absorbed Demersal
Salmo salar Larvae Reaction to light During this time [when buried] the alevins are light-sensitive Photopositive
Salmo salar Larvae Full yolk-sac resorption Usually 39 to 53 days [Last from 30 to 65 days] 39.0 °C * day
Salmo salar Female Age at sexual maturity 3-4 [Not specified] 3.5 year
Salmo salar Female Length at sexual maturity 50.8-61.0 [Not specified] 55.9 cm
Salmo salar Female Weight at sexual maturity 1.8-2.7 [Not specified] 2.25 kg
Salmo salar Male Age at sexual maturity 3-4 [Not specified] 3.5 years
Salmo salar Male Length at sexual maturity 50.8-61.0 [Not specified] 55.9 cm
Salmo salar Male Weight at sexual maturity 1.8-2.7 [Not specified] 2.25 kg
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Spawning runs occur in September and early October ['September', 'October']
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Homing Have a remarkable ability to return to the stream from which they originally came Present
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning season Late October through November ['October', 'November']
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 6-10 8.0 °C
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning water type Most redds are situated at a site where the current is accelerating Flowing or turbulent water
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Stream bed gravel and a flow of intra-gravel water [Gravel from 5.1-20.3 cm diameter] Lithophils
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female begins to construct a shallow depression in the gravel with her tail No category
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Mating system Several males are attracted as the female continues this activity. The largest male dominates and joins her in the centre of the redd No category
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning release As many as five to nine excavations may occur, the last one serving to cover the final batch Multiple
Salmo trutta fario Egg Incubation time 48-52 [10.6°C], 30-33 [13.9°C] 50.0 days
Salmo trutta fario Egg Temperature for incubation 10.6, also up to 13.9 10.6 °C
Salmo trutta fario Larvae Larvae behaviour Pre-emergent fry remain in the gravel until the yolk sac is absorbed Demersal
Salmo trutta fario Female Age at sexual maturity Average 3+ [Not specified] 3.0 year
Salmo trutta fario Female Length at sexual maturity Most between 20.2-22.8 [Female] 21.5 cm
Salmo trutta fario Male Age at sexual maturity Most at 3 [No specified, but males attain maturity at an earlier age than females] 3.0 years
Salmo trutta fario Male Length at sexual maturity Most at 17.7-20.2 18.95 cm
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Male and female migrations seem to peak between 7.6 and 7.8°C No data
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning season Spawn in autumn of the year ['October', 'November', 'December']
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 6-9°C 7.5 °C
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning water type Spawn in clear headwaters of large rivers and streams or in tributaries of lakes, also known to spawn over shallow reefs and shoals alog lakes shores, stream spawning fishes use riggle areas Stagnant water
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Gravel substrate: size preference to be 10 to 20 mm in diameter [If no gravel can be found, spawning is known to occur in areas of sand or hard clay perticles] Lithophils
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female excavates a saucer-shaped nest in the gravel No category
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning activity takes place during the day Day
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning release A female may dig three to four redd No category
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Parity Brown trout as old as thirteen years of age have been reported No category
Salvelinus alpinus Egg Egg adhesiveness The females moves her body over the eggs and sweeps them into the interstitial spaces of the gravel bed Non-Adhesive
Salvelinus alpinus Egg Incubation time 64-80 or 70-80 72.0 days
Salvelinus alpinus Egg Temperature for incubation 0.0-2.2°C in natural condition, 5-8 [In hatchery], 7.8-8°C can kill the eggs 1.1 °C
Salvelinus alpinus Larvae Larvae behaviour The newly hatched embryos remain in the gravel of the redd, emerging as young fry (alevins) in about to three months Demersal
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Homing There is a strong tendency for spawning charr to return to the spawning grounds from which they originated Present
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning season The anadromous form spawns in atumun in either lakes or rivers, non migratory pawn in lakes in the autum or spring but river spawners only spawn in the autumn ['April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Males arrive at the spawning grounds first and remain there throughout the spawning period No data
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Between 2-7, 5-6 or at 4°C 4.5 °C
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Both lakes and rivers [Water velocities of 0.2-0.7 m/s] Stagnant water
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning depth Depending on the site, water depths may vary from one to 11 m, and as deep as 100 m 11.0 m
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Genrally occurs over areas or gravel, but occassionally sand The size of spawning material can vary anywhere between coarse sand and boulder-strewn gravel; but the preferred size of spawning material seems to be "walnut-sized" gravel Lithophils
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female selects a suitable site and digs a redd using her body and tail Susbtrate chooser
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Occurs during the day: mating will go uninterrupted for several hours, except for periods of darkness or when the female begins to build a new nest Day
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Mating system Mating stops between the pair when the female is spent No category
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Parental care The male abandons the female and immediately begins to court another ripe female. The spent female leaves the spawning site No care
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Egg adhesiveness Initially the eggs are adhesive which helps them to stick to the gravel and not be carried downstream before they are covered by the female. After they become water-hardened, the eggs lose their adhesive qaulity Adhesive
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Incubation time 50 [Uniform temperature of 10°C], 100 days [4°C] 50.0 days
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Temperature for incubation 4-10 [The upper lethal temperature limit for developping eggs is 11.7°C] 7.0 °C
Salvelinus fontinalis Larvae Larvae behaviour Newly hatched sac fry remain in the gravel within the redd for between 30 and 80 days until the yolk is absorbed Demersal
Salvelinus fontinalis Larvae Temperature during larval development 12.4-15.4°C optimal for fry growth [17.5°C preferred by large fingerlings, 25.3°C upper incipient lethal for yearlings] 13.9 °C
Salvelinus fontinalis Female Age at sexual maturity Usually reach at 3, but could be 2 [Both sex] 3.0 year
Salvelinus fontinalis Male Age at sexual maturity Usually reach at 3, but could be 2 [Both sex] 3.0 years
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning season Spawn in the fall (when day length decreases) mainly in October and early December, or Late August to early September ['August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning period duration A 15 day peak within a spawning period of about 50 days [With a decline in water temperature below 11°C and increased rainfall] 15.0 weeks
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Spawning activity and success occurs at below 9°C [4.5-10°C] 7.25 °C
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning water type Both lakes and streams, and are closely associated with upwellings or seepages of ground water Stagnant water
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning depth Spawning sites are generally located near shore in water anywhere between 1.0 m or less and 2.4 m deep 1.0 m
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning substrate While "pea" gravel (0.4-2.0 cm) is the preferred substrate for spawning, brrok trout are know to used other loose bottom material [Areas of silt where upwellings are present are also commonly used, even in the absence of gravel Lithophils
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female begins building a redd by fanning the finer particles of the substrate with her tail Susbtrate chooser
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning generally occurs during the day with peaks in spawning activity occuring between 1300 and 1400 Day
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning release Female brook trout continue to excavate new redds an deposits eggs until they are spent No category
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Parity Brook trout mature early in life but have a considerably shorter life span than other salmonids No category
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Parental care No parental care is provided after the nest is covered No care
Salvelinus namaycush Egg Egg adhesiveness Fertilized eggs fall into crevices of the spawning substrate Non-Adhesive
Salvelinus namaycush Egg Incubation time Normally hatch in about 50 days at 10°C [15 to 21 weeks at temperatures between 0.1-10°C] 5.05 days
Salvelinus namaycush Egg Temperature for incubation < 10°C for optimal egg incubation 10.0 °C
Salvelinus namaycush Larvae Initial larval size 15.2 15.2 mm
Salvelinus namaycush Larvae Larvae behaviour Fry remain on the spawing shoals about a month or so after hatching while the yolk sac is being absorbed Demersal
Salvelinus namaycush Larvae Temperature during larval development 10.8°C preferred by fingerlings [11.7°C preferred for yearlings] 10.8 °C
Salvelinus namaycush Female Age at sexual maturity Mostly between 4 to 13 4.0 year
Salvelinus namaycush Male Age at sexual maturity Mostly between 4 to 13 [Both sex], river spawning male trout were found to mature aty 7 [In most cases, males mature over a year earlier than females] 4.0 years
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning season Primarily fall spaweners although reprodcution is know to occur as early as June in Lake Superioir and as late as January in Lake Tahoe, Nevada ['January', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning period duration The spawning period generally lasts between seven to 18 days, and lake trout spawning in Algouquin Park lakes often occurs during the latter portion of October and lasts for 10 days 18.0 weeks
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 9-13 [Onset of spawning appears to be stimulated by heavy winds when water temperatures drop to near 10°C, Increase and prolonged cloud cover can also advance the spawning period] 11.0 °C
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning depth Lake trout spawn at a great variety of depths, less than 36.6 m [Most inland lake spawning shoals are less than six meters deep, also observed between 15 cm to 3.7 m deep] Some population choose to spawn over deep-water mounds (40-60 m) covered with beds of Clara delicauta 50.0 m
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Lake trout ave very selective in their choice of sites for spawning: good spawning substrate consists of clean cobble, boulder or broken angular rock with large interstices that provide protection to eggs [Prefereed spawinng grounds consist of largest diameter rock rock with three to 15 cm and is common,ly interspersed with larger boulders, average diameter of 4.3] Lithophils
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The males appear to clean the rocks with her tails but do not build a nest No category
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Most spawning takes place during the hours of darkness between dusk and 2300 hours Dusk
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Mating system A male will court many females within its range [Lake trout visit and probably spawn on more than one shoal] Polygyny
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Parity Can live to 40 years of age No category
Ameiurus nebulosus Larvae Initial larval size 6 6.0 mm
Ameiurus nebulosus Larvae Larvae behaviour Young stay in the nest for about 7 days Demersal
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning season May and June ['May', 'June']
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 21 [Also when water reaches 27°C] 21.0 °C
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Near shoreline Stagnant water
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning depth 152 mm or more, as deep as 0.6-1.2 m 0.9 m
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Nest is located over mud or sand or among roots of aquatic vegetation in a protected area Psammophils
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation One or both sexes clear s shallow nest Nest built by both parents
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Parental care Parental care is given to the eggs by one or both parents [One or both parents may eat the eggs] Biparental care
Ictalurus punctatus Egg Incubation time 6-7 [27°C], 9-10 [15.6-18.4°C]; 5-10 [15.6-27.8°], eggs will not develop below 15.5°C and develop best at 27°C 6.5 days
Ictalurus punctatus Larvae Larvae behaviour Newly hatched larvae fish remain on bottom for 2-5 days then swim to surface and begin to feed Demersal
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning season Late May to Mid-June ['May', 'June']
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning period duration 3-4 [Late May to Mid-June] 3.5 weeks
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 21-23.3 up to 29.5 22.15 °C
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning depth In shallow waters; 2-4 m deep 3.0 m
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Cavities, burrows, under rocks near shore; undercut banks, under logs Lithophils
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Male buids nest No category
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Parental care Males guards nests and young fry Male parental care