Scott and Crossman, 1973


Citation

Scott, W.P. and Crossman, E.J. (1973) Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax (Mitchill). Fisheries Research Board of Canada, pp. 310-317

Associated characteristics

Species Development state Trait Primary Data Secondary Data
Alosa sapidissima Egg Egg size after water-hardening 2.5-3.5 [Fertilized eggs] 3.0 mm
Alosa sapidissima Egg Egg Buoyancy Only slightly heavier than water, they settle singly and are carried along by the current No category
Alosa sapidissima Egg Egg adhesiveness Non-adhesive Non-Adhesive
Alosa sapidissima Egg Incubation time 8-12 days at 11-15°C 10.0 days
Alosa sapidissima Egg Temperature for incubation 11-15 13.0 °C
Alosa sapidissima Egg Degree-days for incubation 120-140 [8-12 days at 11-15°C] 130.0 °C * day
Alosa sapidissima Larvae Initial larval size 9-10 9.5 mm
Alosa sapidissima Female Age at sexual maturity 4-5 [Not specified] 4.5 year
Alosa sapidissima Female Length at sexual maturity 45-48 [Not specified] 46.5 cm
Alosa sapidissima Female Absolute fecundity Average of 125.166 [Range 58-390] 224.0 thousand eggs
Alosa sapidissima Male Age at sexual maturity 4-5 [Not specified] 4.5 years
Alosa sapidissima Male Length at sexual maturity 45-48 [Not specified] 46.5 cm
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Peak of spawning run occurs at temperature of about 18.3°C No data
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Spawning season May-June, but even as late as July ['May', 'June', 'July']
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Spawning period duration The males arrive on the spawning grounds first, soon followed by the females No data
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Above 12 and will continue until temperaure do not drop below this point 12.0 °C
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Spawning water type Rarely if ever in lakes Stagnant water
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No, eggs are released in the open water Open water/substratum scatter
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning took place in the evening after sundown and continued until midnight or even later Night
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Mating system During the spawning act, the female is accompanied by several males No category
Alosa sapidissima Spawning conditions Parity After spawning, the spent fish begin to drop back to salt water and vanish until the next spawning season [Some might die] Semelparous
Carassius auratus Egg Oocyte diameter 1.2-1.5 1.35 mm
Carassius auratus Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive Adhesive
Carassius auratus Egg Incubation time 3-4 [15.5-29.5], 64-72 hours [24-28°C], 76 hours at [25°C] 3.5 days
Carassius auratus Egg Temperature for incubation 24-28 [But could be incubated at 15.5-29.5] 26.0 °C
Carassius auratus Egg Degree-days for incubation About 70-90 80.0 °C * day
Carassius auratus Male Male sexual dimorphism Nuptial tubercles fune, on opercles, sometimes on back, and a few on pectotal fins of breeding males Present
Carassius auratus Spawning conditions Spawning season May-June ['May', 'June']
Carassius auratus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Seeks warm, weedy shallows Stagnant water
Carassius auratus Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow No data
Carassius auratus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Submerged aquatic plants or willow roots Phytophils
Carassius auratus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No, deposit its eggs No category
Carassius auratus Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning most often occurs in bright sunny mornings Day
Carassius auratus Spawning conditions Mating system The female may be accompanied by two or more males No category
Cyprinus carpio Egg Oocyte diameter About 1.0 1.0 mm
Cyprinus carpio Egg Egg adhesiveness The adhesive eggs […] become attached to submerged weeds, grasses, or roots Adhesive
Cyprinus carpio Egg Incubation time They concluded that eggs laid on the marsh vegetation would normally hatch within 3-6 days after fertilization depending on water temperature 4.5 days
Cyprinus carpio Female Absolute fecundity Eggs numbers ranging from 36,000 eggs in a 15.5-inch (394 mm) fish to 2,208,000 eggs in a 33.5 inch (851 mm) fish. The latter weighed 22.23 pounds (10.1 kg) 36.0 thousand eggs
Cyprinus carpio Male Male sexual dimorphism Nuptial tubercles fine and scattered Present
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Adults move into weedy and grassy shallows No data
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning season Carp spawn in the spring and summer […] ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Spawning may continue for several weeks […] Spawning is usually extended when water temperatures permit and in the Great Lakes region may extend from May to August No data
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Spawning does not commence in earnest until temperatures reach a level of at least 62.6°F (17°C) and may continue for several weeks. Spawning activities begin to decline when temperatures reach 78.8°F (26°C) and cease altogether at 82.4°F (28°C). In lake St. Lawrence, it was observed that spawning may be interrupted if cooler wheather prevails and the temperature drops below 62.6°F (17°C), but will recommence when the water warms up again 62.6 °C
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning water type Weedy and grassy shallows Stagnant water
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning depth Many an early morning, the bass fisherman, casting into weedy shallows, has been startled by the sudden arrival of one or more groups of spawning carp No data
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Submerged weeds, grasses or roots Phytophils
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Eggs are deposited randomly Susbtrate chooser
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Warm sunny morning Day
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Mating system Usually a female will be accompanied by 2 or 3 males No category
Cyprinus carpio Spawning conditions Parental care Not described in that review No category
Esox masquinongy Egg Egg size after water-hardening 2.5-3.5 [Fertilized eggs] 3.0 mm
Esox masquinongy Egg Egg Buoyancy Semidermersal Demersal
Esox masquinongy Egg Egg adhesiveness Apparently non-adhesive Non-Adhesive
Esox masquinongy Egg Incubation time 8-14 days at 11.7-17.2 11.0 days
Esox masquinongy Egg Temperature for incubation 11.7-17.2 14.45 °C
Esox masquinongy Egg Degree-days for incubation 130-160 [8-14 days at 11.7-17.2] 145.0 °C * day
Esox masquinongy Larvae Initial larval size 9.5-10.3 9.9 mm
Esox masquinongy Larvae Larvae behaviour May remain dormant in the vegetation for about 10 days or until the yolk is consumed, at which they become active and begin feeding Demersal
Esox masquinongy Female Age at sexual maturity 3-5 [No apparent difference in age at attainment of maturity] 4.0 year
Esox masquinongy Female Absolute fecundity 6-265 [Usual number of about 120] 135.5 thousand eggs
Esox masquinongy Male Age at sexual maturity 3-5 [No apparent difference in age at attainment of maturity] 4.0 years
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning season Spring spawner ususally in late April to late May [Spawns shortly after the ice has smelted] ['April', 'May', 'June']
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Spawning usually last no more than a week No data
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 9.4-15 [Optimum is 12.8°C] 12.2 °C
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning water type Flooded areas No category
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning depth 30-50 cm [15-20 inches deep] 40.0 m
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Heavy vegetated flooded areas No category
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No nest is built Open water/substratum scatter
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Daytime Day
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Mating system One female with one, or at times two smaller males Monogamy
Esox masquinongy Spawning conditions Spawning release The spawning act is carried out many times at irregular intervals over several days Multiple
Esox niger Egg Oocyte diameter About 2 2.0 mm
Esox niger Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Esox niger Egg Egg adhesiveness Slightly adhesive Adhesive
Esox niger Egg Incubation time 6-12 9.0 days
Esox niger Larvae Initial larval size 4.2-7.0 5.6 mm
Esox niger Larvae Larvae behaviour They sink to the bottom where they attch themsleves to vegetation by an adhesive gland on the tip og the snout Demersal
Esox niger Female Age at sexual maturity 3-4 [Both sex] 3.5 year
Esox niger Male Age at sexual maturity 3-4 [Both sex] 3.5 years
Esox niger Spawning conditions Spawning season Spring spawner [But in certain areas, spawns in fall] ['April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Esox niger Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Lasts no more than 7-10 days 8.5 weeks
Esox niger Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 8.3-11.1 9.7 °C
Esox niger Spawning conditions Spawning water type Flood benches of streams, lakes or ponds, very shrotly after the ice melts Stagnant water
Esox niger Spawning conditions Spawning depth 1 to 3 m deep [3-10 feet deep] 6.5 m
Esox niger Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No nests are built Open water/substratum scatter
Esox niger Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Daytime Day
Esox niger Spawning conditions Mating system A single female, accompagnied by one or two usually smaller males, swims slowly about a random way No category
Esox niger Spawning conditions Spawning release Spawning act is carried out at various intervals over 1 or 2 days No category
Esox lucius Egg Oocyte diameter 2.5-3 2.75 mm
Esox lucius Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Esox lucius Egg Egg adhesiveness Very adhesive, and remain attached to the vegetation of the spawning area Adhesive
Esox lucius Egg Incubation time 12-14 days at prevailing water temperatures, but 4-5 days at 17.8-20°C 13.0 days
Esox lucius Egg Degree-days for incubation 100 100.0 °C * day
Esox lucius Larvae Initial larval size 6-8 7.0 mm
Esox lucius Larvae Larvae behaviour They remain inactive, often attached to vegetation by means of adhesive glans on the head, for 6-10 days, and feed on the stored yolk Demersal
Esox lucius Female Age at sexual maturity 3-4 in the south and 6 in the north [Female] 3.5 year
Esox lucius Female Relative fecundity Estimated as 9/ pound !! 9.0 thousand eggs/kg
Esox lucius Female Absolute fecundity 32 is the average number for mature female 32.0 thousand eggs
Esox lucius Male Age at sexual maturity 2-3 in south and 5 in north [Male] 2.5 years
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Spawning run began on April 11 with a single female, rose rapidly to a peak in numbers of fish by April 18, declined rapidly and ended by April 20 [Mean temperature about 9°C] ['April']
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning season April-early May, just after ice melts ['April', 'May']
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 4.4-11.1 7.75 °C
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning water type Rivers, marshes and bays of larger lakes Stagnant water
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning substrate On heavily vegetated floodplains No category
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No nest is built, the eggs are scattered at radom Open water/substratum scatter
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Generally, spawns during daylight hours Day
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Mating system The sexes pair at spawning time and a larger female is usually attended by one or two smaller males No category
Esox lucius Spawning conditions Spawning release The spawning act is repeated many times during the day for 2-5 days [Usually in numbers of 5-60 at each spawning act] No category
Lota lota Egg Oocyte diameter 0.5 before extrusion, but up to 1.25 and 1.77 0.5 mm
Lota lota Egg Incubation time 30 days at 5.5°C 30.0 days
Lota lota Egg Temperature for incubation 5.5 5.5 °C
Lota lota Egg Degree-days for incubation 150 150.0 °C * day
Lota lota Female Age at sexual maturity Usually in the 3-4 [Both sex] 3.5 year
Lota lota Female Length at sexual maturity 28-48 [Both sex] 38.0 cm
Lota lota Female Absolute fecundity From 45.6 for a 343-mm female to 1,362.077 to a 643-mm female 45.6 thousand eggs
Lota lota Male Age at sexual maturity Usually in the 3-4 [Both sex] 3.5 years
Lota lota Male Length at sexual maturity 28.0-48.0 [For female but males usually mature at a smaller size] 38.0 cm
Lota lota Spawning conditions Spawning season Spawns in mid-winter under the ice: from November to May, but mainly in January to March in Canada ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'November']
Lota lota Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Males arrive on the spawning ground first, followed in 3 or 4 days by the female 3.0 weeks
Lota lota Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Usually 0.6-1.7°C 1.15 °C
Lota lota Spawning conditions Spawning water type Shallow bays, usually spawn in the lake they are also know to move into rivers to spawn Stagnant water
Lota lota Spawning conditions Spawning depth Usually at 0.3-1.20 m (1-4 feet) of water, but circumstantial evidence that burbit spawn in deep water 0.75 m
Lota lota Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Sand or gravel bottom Lithophils
Lota lota Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No nest is built Open water/substratum scatter
Lota lota Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning activity takes place only at night and the grounds are deserted in the daytime Day
Lota lota Spawning conditions Mating system The actual spawning activity is said to take place at in a writhing ball about 2 feet in diameter, which moves over the bottom and is made up of 10-12 intertwined and constantly moving individuals No category
Lota lota Spawning conditions Parental care No care is given to the young No care
Gasterosteus aculeatus Egg Oocyte diameter 1.5-1.7 1.6 mm
Gasterosteus aculeatus Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive to each other Adhesive
Gasterosteus aculeatus Egg Incubation time 7 [19°C] 7.0 days
Gasterosteus aculeatus Egg Temperature for incubation 19 19.0 °C
Gasterosteus aculeatus Egg Degree-days for incubation About 135 135.0 °C * day
Gasterosteus aculeatus Larvae Initial larval size 4.2-5 4.6 mm
Gasterosteus aculeatus Female Age at sexual maturity 1 [Both sex] 1.0 year
Gasterosteus aculeatus Male Age at sexual maturity 1 [Both sex] 1.0 years
Gasterosteus aculeatus Spawning conditions Spawning season Generally in June-July, but from April to September ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Gasterosteus aculeatus Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow No data
Gasterosteus aculeatus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Sandy areas Psammophils
Gasterosteus aculeatus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The nest is constructed of small twigs and plant debris, held together by the mucilaginous kidney secretion emitted by the male No category
Gasterosteus aculeatus Spawning conditions Spawning release Eggs are laid in clusters Fractional
Gasterosteus aculeatus Spawning conditions Parental care Male guards the newly hatched fish until they are able to care for themselves Male parental care
Pungitius pungitius Spawning conditions Spawning season Summer ['July', 'August', 'September']
Pungitius pungitius Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Among the weeds Phytophils
Pungitius pungitius Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Both sex are aggresive in breeding season. The male builts a nest, usually off the bottom, in the plants, using fragments of aquatic vegetation bound together (gluing) by the threadlike, kidney secretion that hardens on contact with water Nest built by both parents
Pungitius pungitius Spawning conditions Mating system As many as 7 females may be encouraged to deposit eggs in one nest No category
Pungitius pungitius Spawning conditions Spawning release 20-30 batches of eggs Multiple
Pungitius pungitius Spawning conditions Parental care The nest is guarded by the male who engages in considerable fanning at the entrance, causing a current ot flow through the nest and aerate the eggs within [The male may build a second nest] Male parental care
Ambloplites rupestris Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive Adhesive
Ambloplites rupestris Egg Incubation time 3-4 days at 20.5-21°C 3.5 days
Ambloplites rupestris Egg Temperature for incubation 20.5-21 20.75 °C
Ambloplites rupestris Egg Degree-days for incubation 60-80 [3-4 days at 20.5-21°C] 70.0 °C * day
Ambloplites rupestris Female Absolute fecundity 3-11 7.0 thousand eggs
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning season Late spring and ealry summer, probably June in Canada ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 15.6-21.1 18.35 °C
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Swamps and gravels shoals Lithophils
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The male digs a shallow nest Susbtrate chooser
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Mating system More than one female may spawn in the same nest and one female may spawn in more than one nest No category
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Spawning release Spawing takes place at short intervals over a period of 1 hour or more but only a few eggs are laid at time No category
Ambloplites rupestris Spawning conditions Parental care The male guards and fans the eggs and later brrods the young for a short period Male parental care
Lepomis gibbosus Egg Oocyte diameter About 1 1.0 mm
Lepomis gibbosus Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhere to the bottom of the nest on soil particles, small stones, roots and sticks Adhesive
Lepomis gibbosus Egg Incubation time 3 [At 28°C] 3.0 days
Lepomis gibbosus Egg Temperature for incubation 28.0 28.0 °C
Lepomis gibbosus Egg Degree-days for incubation 84, i.e. 3 days at 28°C 84.0 °C * day
Lepomis gibbosus Female Age at sexual maturity 2 [Not specified] 2.0 year
Lepomis gibbosus Female Absolute fecundity Average number of 1.684-2.923 [Range from 0.6-2.923] 2.3 thousand eggs
Lepomis gibbosus Male Age at sexual maturity 2 [Not specified] 2.0 years
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning season Usually begins in late spring to early summer, sometimes to the end of August ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 20-27.8 [For nest building] 23.9 °C
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Ponds, lakes or slow moving streams, near the shore Stagnant water
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning depth 15.2-30.5 cm 22.85 m
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Clay to sand, gravel or rocks [Nests are found within submerged aquatic vegetation] Lithophils
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Male built a nest, which is a shallow depressions No category
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Spawning release Small numbers of eggs and small quantities of sperm are meiited at irregular intervals [Males may spawn more than once in the same season, in the same nest, with the same or different females] Multiple
Lepomis gibbosus Spawning conditions Parental care The male guards the eggs and fans them, and guards the newly hatched young for a period of a few days Male parental care
Micropterus dolomieui Egg Oocyte diameter 1.2-2.5 [Not specified] 1.85 mm
Micropterus dolomieui Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Micropterus dolomieui Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive [Usually found attached to clean stones near the centre of the nest] Adhesive
Micropterus dolomieui Egg Incubation time 4-10 [Natural conditions in Canada] 7.0 days
Micropterus dolomieui Larvae Initial larval size 5.6-5.9 5.75 mm
Micropterus dolomieui Larvae Larvae behaviour Remain in the nest until the resorption of the yolk and then rise off the bottom Demersal
Micropterus dolomieui Female Age at sexual maturity 4-6 [Female] 5.0 year
Micropterus dolomieui Female Relative fecundity 7000 eggs per pond of female 7000.0 thousand eggs/kg
Micropterus dolomieui Female Absolute fecundity 5-14 9.5 thousand eggs
Micropterus dolomieui Male Age at sexual maturity 3-5 [Male] 4.0 years
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Homing Some males return to the same nest in subsequent years and over 85% of them return to within 150 years of where they nested in previous years Present
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning season Late May to early July ['May', 'July']
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Spawns usually over a period of 6-10 days 8.0 weeks
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Nest building and spawning (in some areas) commences over a range of 12.8-20°C [Egg deposition takes place mostly at 16.1-18.3°C] 16.4 °C
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning water type Lakes and rivers, usually near the protection of rocks, logs, or more rarely, dense vegetation Stagnant water
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning depth Spawns in 61-610 cm of water 335.5 m
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Sandy, gravel or rocky bottom Lithophils
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The male builts a nest (18.3-30.5 cm) in diameter No category
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Parity Female probably spawns every year Iteroparous
Micropterus dolomieui Spawning conditions Parental care The males guard the nest, fans the eggs, and guards the young after they hatch Male parental care
Micropterus salmoides Egg Egg size after water-hardening 1.5-1.7 [Fertilized egg] 1.6 mm
Micropterus salmoides Egg Egg Buoyancy Dermersal Demersal
Micropterus salmoides Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive Adhesive
Micropterus salmoides Egg Incubation time 3-5 days in natural conditions in Canada 4.0 days
Micropterus salmoides Larvae Initial larval size 3.0 3.0 mm
Micropterus salmoides Larvae Larvae behaviour They remain in the bottom of the nest until the yolk is absorbed, usually 6-7 days, then they rise, begin feeding and schooling Demersal
Micropterus salmoides Female Age at sexual maturity 3-4 [Female] 3.5 year
Micropterus salmoides Female Relative fecundity 2-7 per pound 4.5 thousand eggs/kg
Micropterus salmoides Female Absolute fecundity 2-109 55.5 thousand eggs
Micropterus salmoides Male Age at sexual maturity 4-5 [Male] 4.5 years
Micropterus salmoides Male Male sexual dimorphism No nuptial tubercles but colours darken on spawning males Absent
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning season Late spring to mid-summer with the peak usually early to mid-June ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Nest building starts at about 15.6, but spawning usually takes place at 16.7-18.3 17.5 °C
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning depth Usually 30.5-122 cm deep 76.25 m
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Gravelly sand (more rarely) to marl and soft mud in eeds, bullrushes or water lilies Lithophils
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Nest building by very aggressive and territorial males, nest are 61.0-91.5 cm in diameter, and depending on the hardness of the bottom 25-303 mm deep No category
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Mating system By pair, a female may spawn with several males in different nests Monogamy
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Parity Female probably spawn yearly between the age of 5 to 12 No category
Micropterus salmoides Spawning conditions Parental care The male guards and fans the eggs Male parental care
Morone americana Egg Oocyte diameter 0.79 [Before fertilization], range of 0.55-0.70 for egg removed from ovaries 0.62 mm
Morone americana Egg Egg size after water-hardening 0.92 [After fertlization] 0.92 mm
Morone americana Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive [Become attached to vegetation, rocks, and other bottom objects] Adhesive
Morone americana Egg Incubation time 4-4.5 at 15°C 4.25 days
Morone americana Egg Temperature for incubation 15 15.0 °C
Morone americana Egg Degree-days for incubation 60-70 65.0 °C * day
Morone americana Larvae Initial larval size 2.3 2.3 mm
Morone americana Female Absolute fecundity The total number of eggs have been shown to vary from 20,000 to over 300000 depending, in part ar least, on the size of the female; this is a large number of eggs for such a relatively small fish. Described as means of 21,180 [Size 151-160 mm], 36,687 [Size 171-180 mm], 97,572 [Size 201-210], 234,342 [Size 241-250 mm] 155.5 thousand eggs
Morone americana Spawning conditions Spawning season Commences about mid-May and may extend to the end of June ['May', 'June']
Morone americana Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Spawning continues for 1-2 weeks and does not take place all at once 1.5 weeks
Morone americana Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 11-15 13.0 °C
Morone americana Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow: 0-3.7 m 1.85 m
Morone americana Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Occur over any and every bottom type with little evidence of preference No category
Morone americana Spawning conditions Spawning release Eggs may be released during two or three spawning acts No category
Morone chrysops Egg Oocyte diameter 0.8 0.8 mm
Morone chrysops Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal [Eggs becoming fertilized as they sink] Demersal
Morone chrysops Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive [Become attached to gravel, boulders, or vegetation on the bottom] Adhesive
Morone chrysops Egg Incubation time 2 [15.6°C] 2.0 days
Morone chrysops Egg Temperature for incubation 15.6 15.6 °C
Morone chrysops Egg Degree-days for incubation 30.0 30.0 °C * day
Morone chrysops Larvae Initial larval size 3.7 [Not specified at hatching] 3.7 mm
Morone chrysops Female Length at sexual maturity The majority the Lake Erie white bass studied did not mature sexually until the age 3 when they averaged 277 mm total length 3.0 cm
Morone chrysops Female Absolute fecundity Average 565, range from 242-933 587.5 thousand eggs
Morone chrysops Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Sexually mature fish form schools, and move onto shoals or into estuaries for spawning, these inshore movements usually occurring when water temperature rises to 12.8-15.6 No data
Morone chrysops Spawning conditions Spawning season Spring: usually in May, extending in June in cool years ['April', 'May', 'June']
Morone chrysops Spawning conditions Spawning period duration 1.5 [5-10 days] 7.5 weeks
Morone chrysops Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 14.4-21.1 17.75 °C
Morone chrysops Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The eggs are released near the surface or in midwater Open water/substratum scatter
Morone chrysops Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Daylight [But has been reported to occur at night also] Day
Morone chrysops Spawning conditions Parental care No parental care is given to eggs or young No care
Morone saxatilis Egg Oocyte diameter 1.0-1.35 [Before extrusion] 1.18 mm
Morone saxatilis Egg Egg size after water-hardening 3.6 [A few hours after they are fertilized and have undergone swelling] 3.6 mm
Morone saxatilis Egg Egg Buoyancy Semibuoyant and may be swept by the current Pelagic
Morone saxatilis Egg Temperature for incubation 14-15.6 or 17.8-19.4 14.8 °C
Morone saxatilis Egg Degree-days for incubation 40-50 [70-74 hours at 14.4-15.6°C, and 48 hours at 17.8-19.4°] 45.0 °C * day
Morone saxatilis Larvae Initial larval size 5.2-6.0 5.6 mm
Morone saxatilis Female Absolute fecundity 14-3220 [Most fish yield about 180-700] 1617.0 thousand eggs
Morone saxatilis Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Prespawning may travel long distances upriver, in fresh water No data
Morone saxatilis Spawning conditions Spawning migration period There is a fall migration upriver, the potential spawners spend the winter in the river, then swim up to their spaning grounds in the spring ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Morone saxatilis Spawning conditions Spawning season Usually in June ['June']
Morone saxatilis Spawning conditions Parity Although females spawn more than once, they do not necesseraliy spawn every year Iteroparous
Perca flavescens Egg Egg size after water-hardening 3.5 [Swollen] 3.5 mm
Perca flavescens Egg Egg Buoyancy Egg masses are semi-buoyant [They undulate with water movement and adhere to submerged vegetation or, at times, to the bottom] Demersal
Perca flavescens Egg Incubation time 8-10 9.0 days
Perca flavescens Larvae Initial larval size 5 5.0 mm
Perca flavescens Larvae Larvae behaviour Inactive for about 5 days Demersal
Perca flavescens Female Age at sexual maturity 4 [Sex specified] 4.0 year
Perca flavescens Female Female sexual dimorphism Females less highly coloured Present
Perca flavescens Female Absolute fecundity 2-90 46.0 thousand eggs
Perca flavescens Male Age at sexual maturity 3 [Sex specified] 3.0 years
Perca flavescens Male Male sexual dimorphism Colours of spawning males more intense, bronze-green, bars darker, lower fins suffused with orange to bhroght red Present
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Adults migrate shoreward into the shallows of lakes, and often into tributary rivers to spawn No data
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning season In the spring, usually from April 15 to early May, but spawning may extend into July in some areas ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July']
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Male remain longer on the spawning grounds than do the females No data
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 8.9-12.2 10.55 °C
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning water type In the shallows of lakes, and often into tributary, where they live in brackish water, they migrate into fresh water Stagnant water
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow No data
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Usually near rooted vegetation, submerged brush, or fallen trees, but at times over sand or gravel Lithophils
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No nest is built Open water/substratum scatter
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition During the night and early morning Day
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Mating system A single larger female and many males which swim about in a long compact queue, the first males with their snouts pressed against the females No category
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Spawning release Extruded in a unique transparent, gelatinous, accordion-folded string or tube No category
Perca flavescens Spawning conditions Parental care No protection is given the egg masses or young by the parents No care
Sander vitreus Egg Egg size after water-hardening 1.5-2.0 [Not precised] 1.75 mm
Sander vitreus Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Sander vitreus Egg Egg adhesiveness Eggs are sticky at first but apparently not so after water hardening Adhesive
Sander vitreus Egg Incubation time 12-18 15.0 days
Sander vitreus Egg Degree-days for incubation 100-120 [12-18 at about 6.7-8.9°C] 110.0 °C * day
Sander vitreus Larvae Initial larval size 6.0-8.6 7.3 mm
Sander vitreus Larvae Onset of exogeneous feeding Feeding takes place prior to disappearance of yolk No data
Sander vitreus Female Age at sexual maturity 3-6 4.5 year
Sander vitreus Female Length at sexual maturity 35.6-43.2 39.4 cm
Sander vitreus Female Absolute fecundity 612 for a female of 80 cm 612.0 thousand eggs
Sander vitreus Male Age at sexual maturity 2-4 [Sex specified] 3.0 years
Sander vitreus Male Length at sexual maturity >27.9 [Sex specified] 27.9 cm
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning season In the spring or early summer [Early April, to end of June in North] ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Males moves to the spawing grounds first No data
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 6.7-8.9 [Shortly after ice breaks up] 7.8 °C
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning water type White water below impassable falls and dams in rivers, lakes Stagnant water
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow waters No data
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Rocky areas, boulder, or coarse-gravel shoals Lithophils
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No nest is built Open water/substratum scatter
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Night Night
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Mating system Spawning takes place in groups, one larger female and one or two smaller males or two females and up to six males Promiscuity
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Spawning release Apparently most individual females deposit most of their eggs in one night of spawning No category
Sander vitreus Spawning conditions Parental care Males are not territorial No category
Coregonus albula Egg Oocyte diameter 2-3 [not specified] 2.5 mm
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Oocyte diameter 2.3 [After extrusion] 2.3 mm
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Egg size after water-hardening 3.0-3.2 [After 24 hours in water] 3.1 mm
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Coregonus clupeaformis Egg Temperature for incubation Normal development occurs over a temperature range of 0.5-6.1, with the optimum close to 0.5 [Eggs incubated at 10°C, suffer 99% mortality] 3.3 °C
Coregonus clupeaformis Female Relative fecundity The number of eggs per pound of fish bas been calculated to be 16100 for Lake Erie (possibly high since counting was done in Augts on "green" eggs), 9900 for Lake Ontario and 8200 for Lake Huron 16100.0 thousand eggs/kg
Coregonus clupeaformis Female Maximum GSI value Female whitefish in Lake Erie habe been calculated to lose approximatively 11% of their weight at spawning 11.0 percent
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning season November and December, but also from late September to October ['September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Dropped below about 7.8 7.8 °C
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow waters at depth of less than 7.6 m 7.6 m
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Hard or stoney bottom but sometimes over sand Lithophils
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Eggs are deposited more or less randomly over the spanwing grounds by the parents Susbtrate chooser
Coregonus clupeaformis Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning fish are active and may jump and thrash about, especially at night Night
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Egg Oocyte diameter 6 6.0 mm
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Larvae Larvae behaviour The alevins remain in the gravel until the yolk is absorbed in April or early May (rarely late February) when they struggle up out of the nest and become free swimming)] Demersal
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Larvae Reaction to light Larvae emerging from the higher spawning grounds hide in the gravel by day, become active at bight Photopositive
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Usually move only about 40 miles upstream but may move as much as 300 miles in large rivers, or may spawn in the lower tidal areas in other rivers 40.0 km
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Spawning migration period From June to September ['June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Spawning season From mid-July to late October ['July', 'October']
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Spawning temperature As high as 16, but spawning lof later runs peak at 10 16.0 °C
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Spawning water type Rivers and tributary streams, with current Flowing or turbulent water
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Spawning depth About 30.5-61 cm 45.75 m
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation It is the female that prepares the nest or rFemaledd [The males are aggessive to other males (female are to females also, but to a lesser extend)] No category
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Mating system Several males may spawn with a single female in one nest, individual females my build more than one nest, and a single male may spawn with more than one female No category
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Spawning conditions Parental care The female usually guards the nest as long as she is able but the spawning adults die in a few days or weeks No category
Oncorhynchus keta Egg Oocyte diameter 5.1-5.9 [Diameter in the ovary] 5.5 mm
Oncorhynchus keta Egg Egg size after water-hardening 6-7 up to 8.0-9.5 [Fertilized eggs] 6.5 mm
Oncorhynchus keta Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal [Fall into the crevices] Demersal
Oncorhynchus keta Larvae Initial larval size 20.5 mm long when hatched 20.5 mm
Oncorhynchus keta Larvae Larvae behaviour Remain in the gravel until conditions. During the waiting period they live on the yolk Demersal
Oncorhynchus keta Larvae Reaction to light The fry move down the first night after emergence, where the migration is longer they hide during the day and move by night Photophobic
Oncorhynchus keta Female Age at sexual maturity Most 3-4 [Both sex] 3.5 year
Oncorhynchus keta Female Length at sexual maturity 69.6-73.2 [Both sex] 71.4 cm
Oncorhynchus keta Female Weight at sexual maturity The average individual returning to spawn in British Columbia1952-1960, weighted 11.0-12.8 pounds [Sex not specified] 1956.0 kg
Oncorhynchus keta Female Absolute fecundity 2.4-3.1, rarely up to 4 2.75 thousand eggs
Oncorhynchus keta Male Age at sexual maturity Most 3-4 [Both sex] 3.5 years
Oncorhynchus keta Male Length at sexual maturity 69.6-73.2 [Both sex] 71.4 cm
Oncorhynchus keta Male Weight at sexual maturity 9.6 lb [Bot sex] 9.6 kg
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Rarely penetrate rivers more than 100 miles, albeit some ascends over 1200 miles 100.0 km
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Enter as early as July in northern British, in the south they begin to arrive at the mouth of some streams in September ['July', 'September']
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Homing Considered to exhibit a strong tendency to home to the natal stream but the degree to which they wander is not well know Present
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Spawning period duration Total adult life in fresh water may not exceed one week [Female stays over the nest 2-10 days protecting it from other female] 6.0 weeks
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Spawning takes place over substrates ranging from medium gravel to bedrock strewn with boulders Lithophils
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female prepares the redd by facing upstream [The male are aggressive on the spawning grounds] Susbtrate chooser
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Mating system A single female is often attended by more than one male, and may build and spawn in more than one nest. A single male may spawn with more than one female No category
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Parity The adults die in a few days without returning to the sea Semelparous
Oncorhynchus keta Spawning conditions Parental care The female guards the nest as long as she is able Male parental care
Oncorhynchus kisutch Egg Oocyte diameter 4.5-6.0 5.25 mm
Oncorhynchus kisutch Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Oncorhynchus kisutch Egg Incubation time 35-50, and as much as 115 42.5 days
Oncorhynchus kisutch Egg Temperature for incubation 8.9-10.7 9.8 °C
Oncorhynchus kisutch Egg Degree-days for incubation 380-440 [38 days at 10.7°C, 48 at 8.9°C] 410.0 °C * day
Oncorhynchus kisutch Larvae Larvae behaviour The alevin remain 2-3 weeks in the gravel, at least until yolk is absorbed Demersal
Oncorhynchus kisutch Female Absolute fecundity 2.1-2.789 2.44 thousand eggs
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Mostly do not travel more than 150 miles from the sea in large rivers 150.0 km
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Homing Migrates late in the season and over a prolonged period: from earlt September to early October Absent
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Homing About 85% of the spawners home to their natal stream Present
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning season October to March, but usually October to November, ot November to January ['January', 'February', 'March', 'October', 'November']
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning water type Swifter water of river tributaries No category
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow No data
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Gravelly areas Lithophils
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The nest is built by the female [Male and female are very aggressive on the spawning grounds] No category
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Mating system The female may spawn in as many as four different nests, probably with different males No category
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Parity Soon after spawning is completed the adults die Semelparous
Oncorhynchus kisutch Spawning conditions Parental care After covering the nest the female guards it as long as she is able Male parental care
Oncorhynchus mykiss Egg Oocyte diameter 3-5 4.0 mm
Oncorhynchus mykiss Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Oncorhynchus mykiss Egg Incubation time 4-7 weeks 5.5 days
Oncorhynchus mykiss Larvae Temperature during larval development Preferred temperature is about 13°C, the upper lethal temperature about 24°C 13.0 °C
Oncorhynchus mykiss Larvae Full yolk-sac resorption 3-7 days to absorb the yolk 5.0 °C * day
Oncorhynchus mykiss Larvae Onset of exogeneous feeding The fry commence feeding about 15 days after hatching 15.0 °C * day
Oncorhynchus mykiss Female Age at sexual maturity Usually 3-5, to as late as 6 years 4.0 year
Oncorhynchus mykiss Male Age at sexual maturity As early as 1 year by males (rarely), the usual age would be 3-5, with males often maturing a year younger than females 4.0 years
Oncorhynchus mykiss Male Male sexual dimorphism No nuptial tubercles but minor changes to head, mouth, and color especially in spawning males Absent
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Homing Generally there is a high degree of homing by spawning adults Present
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning season Basically spring spawner: from March to August, mainly from mid-April to late-June ['March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August']
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Usually between 10.0-15.5 12.75 °C
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning water type Smaller tributaries of their rivers, or inlet or outlet streams of their lakes [in a riffle above a pool] Stagnant water
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Bed of fine gravel Lithophils
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female digs a redd Susbtrate chooser
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Nest building takes place day and night Day
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Mating system Females dig and spawn in several nests with the same or other males No category
Oncorhynchus mykiss Spawning conditions Parity Individual rainbow trout have been known to spawn in as many as five successive years, however survival is often low and the number spawning more than once can be less than 10% Iteroparous
Oncorhynchus nerka Egg Oocyte diameter 4.5-5.0 4.75 mm
Oncorhynchus nerka Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal [The female prepares a nest] Demersal
Oncorhynchus nerka Egg Temperature for incubation 4-13 8.5 °C
Oncorhynchus nerka Egg Degree-days for incubation 560-720 [140 days at 4°C, 48 at 15°C] 640.0 °C * day
Oncorhynchus nerka Larvae Larvae behaviour Remain in the gravel until some weeks or months after the yolk is absorbed, and emerge in April to June Demersal
Oncorhynchus nerka Female Absolute fecundity Mean of 0.45, 0.368-1.764 1.07 thousand eggs
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Salmon return to spawn appear in coastal waters from May to October ['May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October']
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Homing After reaching a home lake they go to the natal river (usually an inlet) to spawn Present
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Spawning season Generally September and October, and in November and December ['September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 5.0-10.5 7.75 °C
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Spawning water type Inlet streams of the lake, along its shore Stagnant water
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Gravel beds Lithophils
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Pea-sized gravel Lithophils
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female prepares a nest [On the spawning grounds the male (and sometimes the female) is aggressive to other spawning males] No category
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Mating system The female may dig and and spawn in more than one nest, with different males, and a single male may spawn with more than one female No category
Oncorhynchus nerka Spawning conditions Parity The adults of both sex usually die a few days to several weeks later Semelparous
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Egg Oocyte diameter 6.0-7.0 6.5 mm
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Larvae Larvae behaviour The alevins spend 2-3 weeks in the nest while the yolk is absorbed Demersal
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance The adults proceed up river as short a distance as the point just above tidal influence, or as much as 600 miles and over 1200 miles 600.0 km
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Maturing chinook salmon move inshore into spawning rivers over most of the year No data
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning season From late September to early October ['September', 'October']
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning water type Large tributaries, near riffles No category
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning depth They tend to spawn on deeper waters than other salmons No data
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Larger gravel than other salmons Lithophils
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female digs the redd [The males and females are aggressive on the spawning grounds] Susbtrate chooser
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Mating system The female may dig more than one redd and spawn with more than one male No category
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Parity Adults die, usually within a few days to weeks Semelparous
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Spawning conditions Parental care The female guards the nest as long as she is able Male parental care
Salmo salar Egg Oocyte diameter 5-7 [After extrusion] 6.0 mm
Salmo salar Egg Egg adhesiveness Somewhat adhesive for a short time Adhesive
Salmo salar Egg Incubation time Usually 110 days at 3.9°C 110.0 days
Salmo salar Egg Temperature for incubation 3.9 3.9 °C
Salmo salar Egg Degree-days for incubation 440 440.0 °C * day
Salmo salar Larvae Larvae behaviour The young remain buried in the gravel, absorbing the yolk sac and finally emerging from the gravel in May or June Demersal
Salmo salar Female Absolute fecundity [Average 700 eggs per pound] 700.0 thousand eggs
Salmo salar Male Male sexual dimorphism As the adults prepare for spawning, the head of the male undergoes transformation, the head elongates and the lower jaw becomes enlarged and hooked at the tip, forming a kype Present
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Marine salmon move into estuaries and to fresh water in spring, summer, or early autumn [Landlocked or permantly freshwater salmon simply move from the lake into the tributary stream to be used for spawning] ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning season Mainly October-November ['October', 'November']
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning water type Riffle area above or below a pool No category
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Usually a gravel-bottom Lithophils
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female uses her caudal fin like a paddle and excavates a nesting depression (the redd) [The actual nesting site is chosen by the remale] Susbtrate chooser
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning release The spawning act is repeated many times until the spawing is completed No category
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Spawning release During the spawning, several redd may be excavated Multiple
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Parity Often do not die after spawning and may spawn more than once Iteroparous
Salmo salar Spawning conditions Parental care The female covers the eggs with gravel Female parental care
Salmo trutta fario Egg Oocyte diameter 4-5 4.5 mm
Salmo trutta fario Female Absolute fecundity Average 2 2.0 thousand eggs
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning season Start about October 15 and continue through early November, may extend into January ['January', 'October', 'November']
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 6.7-8.9 7.8 °C
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning water type Streams, headwaters No category
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow No data
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Gravelly Lithophils
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female creates a shallowo depression (redd) in the gravel Susbtrate chooser
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Spawning release The process is repeated many times, but when spawning is completed, the female covers the redd with gravel No category
Salmo trutta fario Spawning conditions Parental care When spawning is completed, the female covers the redd with gravel Female parental care
Salvelinus alpinus Egg Oocyte diameter 4-5 [When deposited] 4.5 mm
Salvelinus alpinus Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal [Buried in the gravel] Demersal
Salvelinus alpinus Egg Temperature for incubation Natural conditions: 0.0-2.2 [The eggs are killed by temperature above 7.8°C] 1.1 °C
Salvelinus alpinus Female Length at sexual maturity Some populations at 15.2-17.8 [Female] 16.5 cm
Salvelinus alpinus Female Absolute fecundity Average 3-5 4.0 thousand eggs
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning season Usually in September or October, and as late as November or December ['September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature Around 4 4.0 °C
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Shoals in lakes, quiet pools in rivers Stagnant water
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning depth 1.0-4.5 m 2.75 m
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Gravel or rocky shoals Lithophils
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Although the males establish and guard territories, the nest or redd is prepared by the female who uses her caudal fin, paddle-like, to clear debris from the site Susbtrate chooser
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Actual spawning takes place during the day Day
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Mating system A female is usually attended by one male during deposition and fertilization of the eggs [Males usually mate with more than one female] No category
Salvelinus alpinus Spawning conditions Parity Females spawn every second or third year, but seldom every year except in southern partsof the range Iteroparous
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Oocyte diameter 3.5-5 4.25 mm
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal [Deposited into a nest] Demersal
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhesive for a short period after extrusion which serves to prevent those not lodged in gravel from being washed away Adhesive
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Incubation time 100 [5°C], 75 [6.1°C], 50 [10°C] 100.0 days
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Temperature for incubation 5-10 [Upper lethal temperature limit is about 11.7] 7.5 °C
Salvelinus fontinalis Egg Degree-days for incubation 500.0 500.0 °C * day
Salvelinus fontinalis Larvae Larvae behaviour When hatched, the larvae or sac fry remain in the gravel within the redd until the yolk is absorbed Demersal
Salvelinus fontinalis Female Absolute fecundity 0.1-5 2.55 thousand eggs
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning migration distance Mature fish may travel many miles upstream to reach the spawning grounds No data
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning season Usually during late September, October or November, but may take place as early as August or as late as December ['August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning water type Shallows of headwaters of streams but may successfully accomplished in gravelly shallows of lakes if there is a spring upwelling and a moderate current Stagnant water
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning depth Shallow No data
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Most often over gravels beds Lithophils
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation The female clears away debris and silt from the nesting area by a series of repid fanning movements of the caudal fin made while on her side No category
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning occurs during the daytime Day
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Mating system The actual spawning act is performed by one male and one female, but each may spawn with different mates during the reproductive period Monogamy
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Spawning release There are usually several extrutions followed by a resting period Multiple
Salvelinus fontinalis Spawning conditions Parental care On completion of spawning, the female covers the eggs with gravel in a manner resembling the excavation of the redd Female parental care
Salvelinus namaycush Egg Oocyte diameter 5-6 [In ovary, at maturity] 5.5 mm
Salvelinus namaycush Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal [Fertilized egg fall into the crevices between the large rocks] Demersal
Salvelinus namaycush Egg Incubation time 105-147 [15-21 weeks at 0.3-1°C] 126.0 days
Salvelinus namaycush Egg Temperature for incubation 0.3-1 in normal conditions 0.65 °C
Salvelinus namaycush Female Age at sexual maturity 6-7 [Not specified] 6.5 year
Salvelinus namaycush Female Relative fecundity The number of eggs deposited depends on the size of the female but ranges from 400-1200 eggs per pound of female 800.0 thousand eggs/kg
Salvelinus namaycush Female Absolute fecundity A 32-inch (813 mm) female from the Great Lakes may deposit up to 18,000 eggs 32.0 thousand eggs
Salvelinus namaycush Male Age at sexual maturity 6-7 [Not specified] 6.5 years
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Homing Evidence of homing Present
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning season Mainly occurs in October, sometimes as early as September in the north or as late as November in south ['September', 'October', 'November']
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning temperature From 8-9 to 10.6-13.9°C 8.5 °C
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning water type Inland lakes, rarely in rivers Stagnant water
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning depth Depth of less than 12.2, and sometimes as shallow as 30 cm 12.2 m
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Most often occurs over a large boulder or rubble bottom No category
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Cleaning of the spawning grounds consisted of brushing the rocks with body or tail fin, or rubbing then with the snout No category
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning occur in the night, mostly from 19-22 Night
Salvelinus namaycush Spawning conditions Mating system One or two males may spawn with one female, or a group of males and females may spawn together, extruding eggs and sperm over rocky bottom Promiscuity
Stenodus leucichthys Female Age at sexual maturity 7-10 [Sex not specified] 8.5 year
Stenodus leucichthys Female Weight at sexual maturity 5.65 pounds at 7 years and 9.75 pounds at 10 years 5.65 kg
Stenodus leucichthys Female Absolute fecundity 125-325 225.0 thousand eggs
Stenodus leucichthys Male Age at sexual maturity 7-10 [Sex not specified] 8.5 years
Stenodus leucichthys Spawning conditions Spawning migration period The upstream, presumably prespawning migration, is prolonged and apparently continues all summer ['July', 'August', 'September']
Stenodus leucichthys Spawning conditions Spawning season Late summer or earty autumn ['July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
Stenodus leucichthys Spawning conditions Parity Suspected that individual fish spawn only once every 2, 3 or 4 years No category
Thymallus arcticus Egg Oocyte diameter Egg size in ovary is about 2.5 2.5 mm
Thymallus arcticus Egg Egg size after water-hardening 2.7-4.3 [After water hardening] 3.5 mm
Thymallus arcticus Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Thymallus arcticus Egg Egg adhesiveness Apparently adhesive for only a short period of time Adhesive
Thymallus arcticus Egg Incubation time 13-18 days at 11-12°C 15.5 days
Thymallus arcticus Egg Temperature for incubation 7-11 9.0 °C
Thymallus arcticus Egg Degree-days for incubation 120-140 130.0 °C * day
Thymallus arcticus Larvae Initial larval size About 8 8.0 mm
Thymallus arcticus Female Age at sexual maturity Some at 4 for both sex but most at 6-9 7.5 year
Thymallus arcticus Female Length at sexual maturity Mostly 40.6-50.8 45.7 cm
Thymallus arcticus Female Weight at sexual maturity 2.1-3.8 pounds !!! 2.95 kg
Thymallus arcticus Female Absolute fecundity Average number is probably 4-7 [6.12-15.9] 5.5 thousand eggs
Thymallus arcticus Male Age at sexual maturity Some at 4 for bot sex but most at 6-9 7.5 years
Thymallus arcticus Male Length at sexual maturity Mostly 40.6-50.8 45.7 cm
Thymallus arcticus Male Weight at sexual maturity 2.1-3.8 pounds !!! 2.95 kg
Thymallus arcticus Male Male sexual dimorphism No nuptial tubercles and none of the body changes so characteristic of salmonids at spawning time, but colours darken and the males become more brilliant than the females Absent
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Spawning migration period As the ice is breaking-up in the small streams, adults migrate from ice-covered lakes and from larger rivers to small gravel- or rock-bottomed tribitaries No data
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Spawning season April to June ['April', 'May', 'June']
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 7-10 8.5 °C
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Small tributaries, if not available spawning takes place in gravelly to rocky parts of the main river [Sometimes occurs in mud-bottomed vegetated poools below rapids] No category
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Gravel or rock Lithophils
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation No actual nest or redd is prepared [Male are territorial on the spawning grounds] Susbtrate chooser
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition There is no spawning at night and it is most active during warmer water temperatures of midday Day
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Spawning release The female may spawn once only, or several times in different areas Multiple
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Parity Adults spawn several times but possibly not all of them every year Iteroparous
Thymallus arcticus Spawning conditions Parental care No parental care is given to eggs or young No care
Ameiurus nebulosus Egg Oocyte diameter About 3 3.0 mm
Ameiurus nebulosus Egg Egg adhesiveness Coated with a gelatinous mucus, adhesive Adhesive
Ameiurus nebulosus Egg Incubation time 6-9 [At 20.6-23.3] 7.5 days
Ameiurus nebulosus Egg Temperature for incubation 20.6-23.3 21.95 °C
Ameiurus nebulosus Egg Degree-days for incubation 140-180 160.0 °C * day
Ameiurus nebulosus Larvae Initial larval size 6 6.0 mm
Ameiurus nebulosus Larvae Larvae behaviour The yolk sac is too large to enable them to swim and they lie on their sides in the the nest until about the seventh day Demersal
Ameiurus nebulosus Female Age at sexual maturity 3 [Female] 3.0 year
Ameiurus nebulosus Female Length at sexual maturity In Canada adults are usually 8-14 inches (203-356 mm) in total length 11.0 cm
Ameiurus nebulosus Female Weight at sexual maturity In Canada, adults weigh 0.75-1 pound 0.88 kg
Ameiurus nebulosus Female Relative fecundity About 5-25 based on the fact that : Females from 8-13 inches (203-230 mm) length may have from 2000-13000 eggs in the ovaries. Their weight vary, in Canada, from 0.75-1 pound 15.0 thousand eggs/kg
Ameiurus nebulosus Female Absolute fecundity Females from 8-13 inches (203-230 mm) length may have from 2000-13000 eggs in the ovaries 10.5 thousand eggs
Ameiurus nebulosus Male Age at sexual maturity 3 [Male] 3.0 years
Ameiurus nebulosus Male Male sexual dimorphism No nuptial tubercles Absent
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning season Probably May-June ['May', 'June']
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 21.1 21.1 °C
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Usually around the shores of lakes, or in coves, bays or creek mouths Stagnant water
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning depth As shallow as 15.2 cm but as deep as about 1 m 1.0 m
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate In a bottom of mud or sand or among the roots of aquatic vegetation, usually near the protection of a stump, rock or tree Lithophils
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation One or both sexes clear a shallow nest Nest built by both parents
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Nycthemeral period of oviposition Spawning apparently takes place in the daytime Day
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Mating system By pair, a large number of spawning acts take place with an increasing number of eggs released at each Monogamy
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Spawning release One individual may spawn more than once in one year Multiple
Ameiurus nebulosus Spawning conditions Parental care The eggs in the nest are cared for by one or both parents [Sometimes one or both parents eat some or all the eggs] Biparental care
Ictalurus punctatus Egg Oocyte diameter 3.5-4.0 [Before they are laid] 3.75 mm
Ictalurus punctatus Egg Incubation time 5-10 days [15.6-27.8] 7.5 days
Ictalurus punctatus Egg Temperature for incubation 15.6-27.8 21.7 °C
Ictalurus punctatus Egg Degree-days for incubation 140-150 145.0 °C * day
Ictalurus punctatus Larvae Larvae behaviour Newly hatched fish have large yolks and remain on the bottom for 2-5 days and then swim to the surface adn begin to feed Demersal
Ictalurus punctatus Female Age at sexual maturity 5-8 [Not specified] 6.5 year
Ictalurus punctatus Female Length at sexual maturity 26.7-40.6 [Both sex] 33.65 cm
Ictalurus punctatus Female Absolute fecundity 4-34.5 19.25 thousand eggs
Ictalurus punctatus Male Age at sexual maturity 5-8 [Not specified] 6.5 years
Ictalurus punctatus Male Length at sexual maturity 26.7-40.6 [Both sex] 33.65 cm
Ictalurus punctatus Male Male sexual dimorphism Males at bredding time often brighter blue than otherwise Present
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning migration period Depending on habitat, the spawners may or may not migrate into rivers or moving water at spawning time No data
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning season Spawn in late spring or summer ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 23.9-29.5, with 26.7 the apparent optimum 26.7 °C
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning water type Spawning takes place in seculed, semidark nests; they will not spawn in transparent ponds Stagnant water
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Undercut , log jams, or rocks Lithophils
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Spawning site preparation Nests built by the male No category
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Mating system By pair, females spawn only once a year but males, at least in the southern USA, "may spawn several times" Monogamy
Ictalurus punctatus Spawning conditions Parental care Males protect the nest after egg laying, aerate and clean the eggs by fanning with the paired fins, and press and pack the eggs with body and fins Male parental care