Trait completeness | 78% |
Total data | 148 |
References | 34 |
Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved
Trait id | Trait | Primary data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Oocyte diameter | 4.5-5 | 4.75 mm | Mellinger, 2002 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 4.5-5.0 | 4.75 mm | Barton, 1996 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 5.3-6.6 | 5.95 mm | Groot, 1996 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 4.5-5.0 | 4.75 mm | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 4.5-5 | 4.75 mm | Fishbase, 2006 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 4.8 [Mean diameter of mature, fully yolked, ovarian oocyte] | 4.8 mm | Olden et al, 2006 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | Means range from 5.46 to 6.61 for three different populations [Not specified if fertilized] | 5.46 mm | Bagenal, 1971 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 5.0 [Kokanee] and 5.0-5.6 [Sockeye] for water-hardened egg | 5.3 mm | Kaeriyama et al, 1995 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal [The female prepares a nest] | Demersal | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | The eggs of Salmonidae are buried in unguarded nests called 'redds' and are demersal-nonadheive | Demersal | Kunz, 2004 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs of Salmonidae are buried in unguarded nests called 'redds' and are demersal-nonadheive | Non-Adhesive | Kunz, 2004 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Salmonidae, whose eggs are not sticky | Non-Adhesive | Woynarovich, 1962 |
5 | Incubation time | 42-63 [Take 6 to 9 weeks in most areas but may require as long as 5 months] | 52.5 days | Fishbase, 2006 |
5 | Incubation time | 120-124 [5°C], 74-77 [9°C], 51-54 [12.2] | 122.0 days | Hendry et al, 1998 |
5 | Incubation time | 6-20 weeks at 59-39°F | 13.0 days | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
5 | Incubation time | 122.8 [5°C], 90.5 [7.5°C], 69.3 [10°C] and 55.4 [12.5°C] for 50% hatch | 122.8 days | Jensen, 1997 |
5 | Incubation time | 94.0 [Mean time to egg hatch within the range of average post-spawning the range post-spawning water temperatures] | 94.0 days | Olden et al, 2006 |
5 | Incubation time | 155 [3°C], 100 [6°C], 70 [10°C], 60 [12°C] | 155.0 days | Beacham and Murray, 1990 |
5 | Incubation time | 47 [14°C], 51.8 [11°C], 76.9 [8°C], 119.5 [5°C], 206.4 [2°C] | 47.0 days | Murray and McPhail, 1988 |
5 | Incubation time | Egg development from fertilization to 50% hatch at various constant temperatures: 177 days [At 3.2°C], 113.8 days [At 6°C], 80 days [At 8°C], 63 days [At 10°C], 44.6 days [At 15°C] | 50.0 days | Velsen,1987 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 7-12 | 9.5 °C | Barton, 1996 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 6-10 [Range with egg mortality minimal, high mortality if water above 14°C or near 0°C] | 8.0 °C | Markevich and Bilenskaya, 1992 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 4-13 | 8.5 °C | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 6.0-6.8 in the wild, and 5-12.5 in reared conditions, even if survival was higher at 5-9 than at 12°C | 6.4 °C | Hendry et al, 1998 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 2.5-3.5°C in the ground at the level of the lower horizon of a redd and 5-7°C in the upper layer of a redd | 3.0 °C | Parensky et al, 2002 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 5-12.5 | 8.75 °C | Jensen, 1997 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Optimum temperature of yolk conversion is about 8°C | 8.0 °C | Beacham and Murray, 1993 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Lower limit: 4.4-5.8°C and upper limit 12.7-14.1°C [The lower temperature for the normal devlopment was established between 40 and 42.5°F. The upper threshold temperature occurred between 55 and 57.5°F] | 5.1 °C | Combs, 1965 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Egg mortality during incubation from fertilization to 50% hatch at various temperatures: 37.3% [At 3.0°C], 28.0% [At 6°C], 18.6% [At 10°C], 83.0% [At 16.9°C] | 50.0 °C | Velsen,1987 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 560-720 [140 days at 4°C, 48 at 15°C] | 640.0 °C * day | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | [120-124 at 5°C, 74-77 at 9°C, 51-54 at 12.2] | 122.0 °C * day | Hendry et al, 1998 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 630-640 | 635.0 °C * day | Parensky et al, 2002 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 613.8-693.2 [5-12.5] | 653.5 °C * day | Jensen, 1997 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 670 | 670.0 °C * day | Bascinar and Okumus, 2004 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 465 [3°C], 600 [6°C], 700 [10°C], 720 [12°C] | 465.0 °C * day | Beacham and Murray, 1990 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 769 [Effective day-degrees] | 769.0 °C * day | Kamler, 2002 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Initial larval size | 20.3 | 20.3 mm | Olden et al, 2006 |
8 | Initial larval size | Average 19.5, range 18.5-20.5 | 19.5 mm | Beacham and Murray, 1990 |
8 | Initial larval size | 24-28 [Newly emergent fry] | 26.0 mm | Hendry et al, 1998 |
8 | Initial larval size | Mean SL vary at 50% hatching vary with temperature: 15.1 [14°C], 16.1 [11°C], 17.1 [8°C], 17.2 [5°C], 17.8 [2°C] | 50.0 mm | Murray and McPhail, 1988 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Alevins stay in the gravel for varying amounts of time after hatching and then ermge as fry from the gravel at night. Fry migration generally peas before midnight with sometimes a small peak before dawn | Demersal | Groot, 1996 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain in the gravel until some weeks or months after the yolk is absorbed, and emerge in April to June | Demersal | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain in the gravel | Demersal | Hendry et al, 1998 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Emerge from redd in early January-May | Demersal | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Swim-up from fertilization: 1000 degree-days [From hatching 1000 less 670] | Pelagic | Bascinar and Okumus, 2004 |
10 | Reaction to light | The free-embryos of the gravel spawning Oncorhynchus are negatively phototactic in the beginning and hide in the interstitial. After the onset of exogeneous feeding, the young fish become positively phototactic and emerge from the substrate | Photophobic | Bohlen, 2000 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 6-10 in natural condition | 8.0 °C | Hendry et al, 1998 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 15 | 15.0 °C | Keckeis and Schiemer, 1992 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 300-360 [Hatching to emergence: 53-60 days (5.0°C), 36-40 (9°C), 24-25 (12.5°C] | 330.0 °C * day | Hendry et al, 1998 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 330 [Swim-up from fertilization: 1000 degree-days, from hatching 1000 less 670] | 330.0 °C * day | Bascinar and Okumus, 2004 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | Emergence at 285 [3°C], 420 [6°C], 500 [10°C], and 480 [12°C] at an average size of 26.5, range 25-28.5 | 26.75 °C * day | Beacham and Murray, 1990 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 50% emergence at: 25 [14°C], 38.5 [11.1°C], 43.6 [6.9°C], 53.5 [5°C], 75.8 [2°C]; Mean SL vary at 50% emergence vary with temperature: 20.7 [14°C], 22.9 [11°C], 24.4 [8°C], 23.4 [5°C] and 23.6 [2°C] | 50.0 °C * day | Murray and McPhail, 1988 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4-5 | 4.5 year | Barton, 1996 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4 [Both sex] | 4.0 year | Olden et al, 2006 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Overall age of maturity in sockeye salmon ranges from 3 to 8 years, female may mature at any 14 different age compositions. Kokanee generally mature after either 2, 3 or 4 years | 3.0 year | Gustafson et al, 1997 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 45-61 | 53.0 cm | Barton, 1996 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 53.3-55.9 [Length of female at the beginning and at the end of the running migration] | 54.6 cm | Yegorova, 1978 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 18.0 [Both sex] | 18.0 cm | Olden et al, 2006 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Average of 24.9 [Kokanee] and 41.0-49.8 [Sockeye] | 45.4 cm | Kaeriyama et al, 1995 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 1.5-2 [Southern areas] and 2.5-3 [Nothern areas] | 1.75 kg | Groot, 1996 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 1.90-2.38 [Weight of female at the beginning and at the end of the running migration] | 2.14 kg | Yegorova, 1978 |
19 | Relative fecundity | Absolute fecundity averages range from 1988 to 1994: 316 [Weight 111 g], 330 [Weight 168 g], 401 [Weight 202 g], 454 [Weight 174 g], 412 [159 g], 435 [176 g] and 666 [280 g] | 1988.0 thousand eggs/kg | Kaeriyama et al, 1995 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 2.2-2.4 [Average for sockeye], 5 [high in Kamchatka], 0.3-2 [low in small kokanee females] | 2.3 thousand eggs | Groot, 1996 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 3.7 | 3.7 thousand eggs | Barton, 1996 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Mean of 0.45, 0.368-1.764 | 1.07 thousand eggs | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 3.2-3.9 | 3.55 thousand eggs | Yegorova, 1978 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 2-5.2 [Average fecundity accross the range of sockeye salmon is from 2-5.2, and from 0.3 to 2 for Kokanee] | 3.6 thousand eggs | Gustafson et al, 1997 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 3.57-3.63 | 3.6 thousand eggs | Beacham and Murray, 1993 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Average of 0.43 [Kokanee] and 1.875-2.477 [Sockeye] | 2.18 thousand eggs | Kaeriyama et al, 1995 |
21 | Oocyte development | Synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity | Synchronous | Fishbase, 2006 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Average of 16.8 [Kokanee] and 17.4-17.6 [Sockeye] | 17.5 percent | Kaeriyama et al, 1995 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 17.8 for anadromous populations, and 12 (11.4-12.8) for resident population | 12.1 percent | Fleming, 1998 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 4.0 [Both sex] | 4.0 years | Olden et al, 2006 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | Overall age of maturity in sockeye salmon ranges from 3 to 8 years. Males are capable of maturing at any of 22 different combinations of freshwater and ocean ages. Kokanee generally mature after either 2, 3 or 4 years | 3.0 years | Gustafson et al, 1997 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 57.5-59.9 [Length of female at the beginning and at the end of the running migration] | 58.7 cm | Yegorova, 1978 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 18.0 [Both sex] | 18.0 cm | Olden et al, 2006 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | 2.58-2.80 [Weight of female at the beginning and at the end of the running migration] | 2.69 kg | Yegorova, 1978 |
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | Hump size in sockeyes differ greatly among populations. Male mating success within some sockeye populations is positively correlated with hump size[In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males.] | Present | Willson, 1997 |
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | Males are bigger for both resident and anadromous populations | Absent | Fleming, 1998 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 3.0 (range 2.1-3.4%) for anadromous populations, and Mean of 2.7 (range 2.6-2.8) for resident populations | 2.75 percent | Fleming, 1998 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
36 | Spawning migration distance | Spawning areas are 842 and 986 km from the mouth of the Columbia River | 986.0 km | Quinn et al, 1997 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Vary between populations : June July or later in the season | ['June', 'July'] | Groot, 1996 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Salmon return to spawn appear in coastal waters from May to October | ['May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October'] | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Ocurrs during summer and fall as late as December | ['July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Fishbase, 2006 |
37 | Spawning migration period | In general, river entry and spawn timing show considerable spatial and temporal variability. Sockeye salmon enter Puget Sound Rivers from mid-June through August, while Columbia River populations gegin river entry in May | ['May', 'June', 'August'] | Gustafson et al, 1997 |
37 | Spawning migration period | The spawning run usually begins in the last days of May and ends the end of October/beginning of November. The heavy run occurs in the time interval between the middle of July and the beginning of September, the main part of the run from the end of July to the middle of August [The total duration of the spawning run is 5.5 months, the heavy run 1.5-2 months, the main part of the run 10-22 days] | ['May', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November'] | Yegorova, 1978 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Move from offshore waters to spawning grounds along the lakeshore and in tributaries; tributary runs begin in mid-August; peak in late September and end in mid-October | ['August', 'September', 'October'] | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
38 | Homing | The homing ability of sockeye salmon is well documented and straying is genrally 2% or less | Present | Groot, 1996 |
38 | Homing | After reaching a home lake they go to the natal river (usually an inlet) to spawn | Present | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
38 | Homing | Return to natal stream to spawn | Present | Fishbase, 2006 |
38 | Homing | Sockeye salmon are thought to be especially precise in homing, because they return to and spawn in habitats associated with a lake wehre their offpsring rear for one or more years before migrating to the sea | Present | Youngand Woody, 2007 |
39 | Spawning season | Late summer [Nothern and central areas] and Autumn [More southern areas] | ['July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Groot, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | Generally September and October, and in November and December | ['September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
39 | Spawning season | September-October, or November-December | ['September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Fishbase, 2006 |
39 | Spawning season | Between Mid-October for the first spawners to Mid-December for the last spawners | ['October', 'December'] | Hendry et al, 1998 |
39 | Spawning season | Spawn in Puget Sound from late September to late December and occasionally into January, and in the Columbia River from late September to early November | ['January', 'September', 'November', 'December'] | Gustafson et al, 1997 |
39 | Spawning season | Spawning occurs from the end of July to February but in some years continue through February, but in lake Dal'neye occur from the end of July to the beginning of October | ['January', 'February', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November'] | Yegorova, 1978 |
39 | Spawning season | September-October, peaks in late September or early October | ['September', 'October'] | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
39 | Spawning season | Among the species of Oncorhynchus, the salmon are typically late-summer spawners (the exact timing differing among locations and years), although southern chinook populations breed in psring, and some coho populations breed in late winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] | Willson, 1997 |
39 | Spawning season | Throughout the period of island beach spawning, 13-29 August 1997 | ['August'] | Hamon et al, 1999 |
39 | Spawning season | Pacific salmon spawn in fall (though this may be as early as July or as late as February, depending on species and region) whereas the Pacific trout species (formely in the genus Salmo) spawn in spring. | ['February', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Quinn and Myers, 2004 |
39 | Spawning season | The great majority spawn in tributaries of lakes Wenatchee and Osoyoos in September and October | ['September', 'October'] | Quinn et al, 1997 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 1-2 weeks peak spawning but overall duration 6-8 | 1.5 weeks | Gustafson et al, 1997 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Its total duration is 6.5 months, but in one lake is about 3 months | 6.5 weeks | Yegorova, 1978 |
40 | Spawning period duration | The island beach populations display possibly the most contracted period in the species, with a total spawning of just 2 weeks | 2.0 weeks | Hamon et al, 1999 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 20 [Upper limit, above which spawning will not occur] | 20.0 °C | Groot, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 5.0-10.5 | 7.75 °C | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Falling from 61 to 41°F, 5-16°C | 10.5 °C | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 6 [Temperature at which spawning is typically initiated] | 6.0 °C | Olden et al, 2006 |
42 | Spawning water type | Outlets of groundwater | No category | Vronskii and Leman, 1991 |
42 | Spawning water type | Inlet streams of the lake, along its shore | Stagnant water | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
42 | Spawning water type | Rivers and bowls | No category | Parensky et al, 2002 |
42 | Spawning water type | Mid-reaches and headwaters of tributaries in areas with water valocity of less than 2.2 fps, if access tributaries is denied spawning occurs along lake shore, suually on wave-swpet beaches or on bars near stream mouth | Stagnant water | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
42 | Spawning water type | Streams, lake shores | Stagnant water | Willson, 1997 |
42 | Spawning water type | Spawn in the tributaries and around islands and mainland beaches of Iliamna Lake, Alaska. | Stagnant water | Hamon et al, 1999 |
43 | Spawning depth | 1-30 feet | 15.5 m | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Gravel beds | Lithophils | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Pea-sized gravel | Lithophils | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Generally gravel | Lithophils | Fishbase, 2006 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Lithophils | Lithophils | Balon, 1975 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Fine gravel, alson in sand along lake shore | Lithophils | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | In the afternoon, females prepare the nest | No category | Groot, 1996 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | The female prepares a nest [On the spawning grounds the male (and sometimes the female) is aggressive to other spawning males] | No category | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Female digs a nest [Agressive behaviour of both males and females] | Susbtrate chooser | Fishbase, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Brood hiders | Susbtrate chooser | Balon, 1975 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Eggs are deposited in redd | Susbtrate chooser | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Upon establishing a territory, the female constructs, spawns in, and covers a series of nests (three to eight), and then defends these from other females until her death days to weeks later | No category | Hamon et al, 1999 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nest by female | Best build by female | Fleming, 1998 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Actual spawning occur after darkness until about midnight | Night | Groot, 1996 |
47 | Mating system | One couple defending a territory, salmon pairs tend to stay together for the total spawning period of about 7-9 d until the female has laid all the eggs | No category | Groot, 1996 |
47 | Mating system | The female may dig and and spawn in more than one nest, with different males, and a single male may spawn with more than one female | No category | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
47 | Mating system | By pair, a female may spawn with several dominant males, a male may breed with different females | Monogamy | Fishbase, 2006 |
47 | Mating system | By pair | Monogamy | Parensky et al, 2002 |
48 | Spawning release | Eggs are released in three to four times | No category | Groot, 1996 |
48 | Spawning release | A female normally needs 3 to 5 days to deposit all her eggs and utilizes 3 to 5 nests for this prupose | No category | Fishbase, 2006 |
49 | Parity | Nine to ten days after starting to spawn, male and female die | Semelparous | Groot, 1996 |
49 | Parity | The adults of both sex usually die a few days to several weeks later | Semelparous | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
49 | Parity | All adult die after spawning | Semelparous | Fishbase, 2006 |
49 | Parity | Post-spawning death | Semelparous | Parensky et al, 2002 |
49 | Parity | Die soon after spawning | Semelparous | Goodyear et al, 1982 |
49 | Parity | Oncorhynchus species are principally semelparous, | Semelparous | Willson, 1997 |
49 | Parity | Semelparous | Semelparous | Hamon et al, 1999 |
49 | Parity | All members of the genus Oncorhynchus(including anadromous and non-anadromous forms) die after spawning, and this is true with three exceptions. Firstn the Pacific trout species, are all iteroparous. Second, male masu salmon (O. masou) that mature in fresh water as parr are capable of surviving, migrating to sea, and spawning in subsequent season, though anadromous males and females are semelparous. Third, under experimental conditions male chinhook salmon can mature as parr, survive spawning, grow, and spawn again the following year, and even a third year. | Iteroparous | Quinn and Myers, 2004 |
49 | Parity | 0% or repeat spawning for both anadromous and resident populations | Iteroparous | Fleming, 1998 |
50 | Parental care | When the female is spent, she contines to finish the redd and defends the area aginast females searching for nest sites and males that are passing by until she die | No category | Groot, 1996 |
50 | Parental care | Postspawning females of Pacific salmon also commonly guard their nests for several days (up to 3 weeks by coho) before they die. | Female parental care | Willson, 1997 |
50 | Parental care | The female defends the nests from other females until her death days to weeks later. Male pacific salmon take no part in parental care. Rather they remain sexually active throughout their breeding life span and move amongst breeding females | Male parental care | Hamon et al, 1999 |
50 | Parental care | Nest defence after | No category | Fleming, 1998 |