Willson, M.F. (1997) Variations in salmonid life histories: patterns and perspectives.
United States department of Agriculture Forest Service
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Coregonus lavaretus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Parental care is absent in coregonids and lake char | No care |
| Coregonus albula | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Most whitefish spawn in fall | ['October', 'November', 'December'] |
| Coregonus albula | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Parental care is absent in coregonids and lake char | No care |
| Coregonus clupeaformis | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | Sexual dimoprhism is minimal | Absent |
| Coregonus clupeaformis | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Whitefish males commonly develop breeding tubercles, especially on the flanks, but tubercles are less well developped and rarer on females | Absent |
| Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Some species of Coregonus in summer or winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Lakes, streams | Stagnant water |
| Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Parity | Typically iteroparous, although reproduction does not occur every year for some individuals and populations | Iteroparous |
| Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Parental care is absent in coregonids and lake char | No care |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Male pink salmon normally develop a pronouced hump, but males adopting a satellite-male mating tactic have only a small hump [In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondary trait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males.] | Present |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Among the species of Oncorhynchus, the salmon are typically late-summer spawners (the exact timing differing among locations and years), although southern chinook populations breed in psring, and some coho populations breed in late winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams, intertidal | No category |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Parity | Oncorhynchus species are principally semelparous, | Semelparous |
| Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Postspawning females of Pacific salmon also commonly guard their nests for several days (up to 3 weeks by coho) before they die. | Female parental care |
| Oncorhynchus keta | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males. | Present |
| Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Among the species of Oncorhynchus, the salmon are typically late-summer spawners (the exact timing differing among locations and years), although southern chinook populations breed in psring, and some coho populations breed in late winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams, intertidal | No category |
| Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Parity | Oncorhynchus species are principally semelparous, | Semelparous |
| Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Postspawning females of Pacific salmon also commonly guard their nests for several days (up to 3 weeks by coho) before they die. | Female parental care |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males. | Present |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Among the species of Oncorhynchus, the salmon are typically late-summer spawners (the exact timing differing among locations and years), although southern chinook populations breed in psring, and some coho populations breed in late winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams | No category |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Parity | Oncorhynchus species are principally semelparous, | Semelparous |
| Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Postspawning females of Pacific salmon also commonly guard their nests for several days (up to 3 weeks by coho) before they die. | Female parental care |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males. | Present |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Rainbows (including steelhead) and cutthroats characteristically breed in late winter, spring and summer | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams, lakes | Stagnant water |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Female steelhead reportdly do not nest-guard | No care |
| Oncorhynchus nerka | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Hump size in sockeyes differ greatly among populations. Male mating success within some sockeye populations is positively correlated with hump size[In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males.] | Present |
| Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Among the species of Oncorhynchus, the salmon are typically late-summer spawners (the exact timing differing among locations and years), although southern chinook populations breed in psring, and some coho populations breed in late winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams, lake shores | Stagnant water |
| Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Parity | Oncorhynchus species are principally semelparous, | Semelparous |
| Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Postspawning females of Pacific salmon also commonly guard their nests for several days (up to 3 weeks by coho) before they die. | Female parental care |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes and snouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondary trait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males. | Present |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Among the species of Oncorhynchus, the salmon are typically late-summer spawners (the exact timing differing among locations and years), although southern chinook populations breed in psring, and some coho populations breed in late winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams | No category |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Parity | Oncorhynchus species are principally semelparous, | Semelparous |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Postspawning females of Pacific salmon also commonly guard their nests for several days (up to 3 weeks by coho) before they die. | Female parental care |
| Salmo salar | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males. | Present |
| Salmo salar | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Salmo and most char are fall breeders | ['October', 'November', 'December'] |
| Salmo salar | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams | No category |
| Salmo salar | Spawning conditions | Parity | Although many Atlantic salmon die after spawning, iteroparity (up to 5 or 6 times) also occurs. The interval between breeding differs, however, with the length or stream discharge of the river used for spawning. Repeat spawning is more common in females than males | Iteroparous |
| Salmo trutta fario | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males. | Present |
| Salmo trutta fario | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Salmo and most char are fall breeders | ['October', 'November', 'December'] |
| Salvelinus alpinus | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males. | Present |
| Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Salmo and most char are fall breeders, although a few populations of Arctic char breed in spring | ['April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December'] |
| Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Lakes, river pools | Stagnant water |
| Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Parity | Breeding is annual in some populations of Arctic charr (mostly freshwater, one anadromous population), but for most anadormous individuals, the interval between breeding is 2 to 4 years, especially in the north. Lifespan is potentially long, up to 40 years, but more often 15 years | No category |
| Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Arctic char females may defend the nest briefly, unlike brook char | No category |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Pectoral and pelvic fins are longer in male than female brook char. [In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth.An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout.Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes andsnouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondary trait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males.] | Present |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Salmo and most char are fall breeders, although a few populations of Arctic char breed in spring | ['April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December'] |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams, shoreline reefs | Stagnant water |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Parity | Male brrok char often reproduce annually, but females in some populations only breed at 2 to 3 year intervals. This species tends to be short lived, with a maximum lifespan of less than 12 years; females tend to live longer than males | No category |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Arctic char females may defend the nest briefly, unlike brook char | No category |
| Salvelinus namaycush | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Male lake char are capable of developing a kype, but they almost never do. Male lake char may be more iridescent than females, sport a black lateral stripe, or develop (in soem populations) breeding tubercles, but generally they show less sexual dimoprhism than other char do [In Salmo, most Salvelinus, and most Oncorhynchus, a major sexual difference is found in the development , in normal breeding individuals, of elongated, hooked jaws with enlarged teeth. An upturned lower jaw is technically called a kype; an enlarged and often distorted upper jaw is termed a snout. Kype and sount development differs not only among individuals but also among species and conspecific populations: it is generally greater in stream-dwelling and anadromous forms than in lake-spawning or strickly freshwater forms.Kypes and snouts are best developed in males, although females of some species also develop smaller ones. Another secondarytrait is a hump anterior to dorsal fin, found especially in males.] | Present |
| Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Salmo and most char are fall breeders, although a few populations of Arctic char breed in spring | ['April', 'May', 'June', 'October', 'November', 'December'] |
| Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Lakes, streams | Stagnant water |
| Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Parity | Lake char females commonly breed in alternate years, especially in the north. These fish are potentially long lived (>25 years), and indiduals may reproduce many times if maturity is not delayed | No category |
| Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Parental care is absent in coregonids and lake char | No care |
| Stenodus leucichthys | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | The inconnu exhibits little external difference between the sexes, although females can be slightly bigger than same-age males | Absent |
| Stenodus leucichthys | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | In summer and early fall | ['July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] |
| Stenodus leucichthys | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Streams | No category |
| Thymallus thymallus | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Grayling males are brighter than females, sometimes larger, and have longer dorsal and pelvic fins | Present |
| Thymallus thymallus | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Spawn chiefly in spring and summer | ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Thymallus thymallus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Egg-burial is a simple form of parental care | No category |
| Thymallus thymallus | Spawning conditions | Parity | Typically iteroparous, although reproduction does not occur every year for some individuals and populations | Iteroparous |