Trait completeness | 72% |
Total data | 189 |
References | 25 |
Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved
Trait id | Trait | Primary data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive [Attached to the substrate] | Adhesive | Internet, 2005 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive [Stick to the substrate] | Adhesive | Spillmann, 1961 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhere to the bottom of the nest on soil particles, small stones, roots and sticks | Adhesive | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive eggs incubate on gravel, plants, or roots in nest | Adhesive | Goodyear, 1982 |
5 | Incubation time | 3 [At 28°C] | 3.0 days | Internet, 2005 |
5 | Incubation time | 2-3 | 2.5 days | Carrel, 2001 |
5 | Incubation time | 3 [At 28°C] | 3.0 days | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
5 | Incubation time | 3 | 3.0 days | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
5 | Incubation time | 48 hours at 19.0-25.0 | 22.0 days | Rue, 2001 |
5 | Incubation time | 4.0 [Mean time to egg hatch within the range of average post-spawning the range post-spawning water temperatures] | 4.0 days | Olden, 2006 |
5 | Incubation time | Eggs hatch in 10 days or less, in 3 days at 82°F | 10.0 days | Goodyear, 1982 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 150-155 | 152.5 °C * day | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 84, i.e. 3 days at 28°C | 84.0 °C * day | Internet, 2005 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 84, i.e. 3 days at 28°C | 84.0 °C * day | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 38-50 DD, i.e., 48 hours at 19.0-25.0°C | 44.0 °C * day | Rue, 2001 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 28 | 28.0 °C | Internet, 2005 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 28 | 28.0 °C | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 19.0-25.0°C | 22.0 °C | Rue, 2001 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Water temperature in the laboratory varied from 21 to 24°C | 21.0 °C | Shao, 1997 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal | Demersal | Internet, 2005 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal | Demersal | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.8-1.2 | 1.0 mm | Internet, 2005 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.5 | 1.5 mm | Spillmann, 1961 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1-1.5 | 1.25 mm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.9-1.2 [Not specified] | 1.05 mm | Carrel, 2001 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | About 1 | 1.0 mm | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | Mean 0.88 [0.5-1.27] | 0.885 mm | Copp, 2002 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.8-1.8 [Vitellogenic egg] | 1.3 mm | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2000 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.00-1.20 [Average diameter of the largest oocyte in fully developed ovaries] | 1.1 mm | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.0 [Mean diameter of mature, fully yolked, ovarian oocyte] | 1.0 mm | Olden, 2006 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | The mean diameter of ripe eggs in ovaries of females in Upper Beverley Lake was 0.529 mm, signigficantly larger that 0.477 in Lower beverley Lake | 0.529 mm | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | Egg diameter in various studies: 1.06 [England, Cottesmore pond], 1.10 [Romania, Danube Delta], 0.76 [Spain, Banyoles Lake], 0.80 [Greece, Kerkini Lake], 0.79 [Brazil, Custodio's Dam], 1.00 [Canada, Lakes of east region], 0.80 [USA, Rhode Island ponds] | 1.06 mm | De Magalhaes and Ratton, 2005 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Initial larval size | 2.4-3.1 | 2.75 mm | Internet, 2005 |
8 | Initial larval size | 2.4-2.9 | 2.65 mm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
8 | Initial larval size | 2.4-2.9 | 2.65 mm | Carrel, 2001 |
8 | Initial larval size | 5.3 | 5.3 mm | Olden, 2006 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Remain at the bottom of the nest for as short period and then inhabit dense vegetation and also venture out into open waters | Demersal | Internet, 2005 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Gregarious | Demersal | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Newly hatched inhabit nearshore open water areas | Demersal | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | From preliminary field observations, I found that larvae were usually scattered throughout the nest despite some clumping | Demersal | Shao, 1997 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Fry leave nest soon after hatching | Demersal | Goodyear, 1982 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 | Maximum GSI value | Up to 10.5, between 5.4-9.0, rarely peaking at 15 in Europe | 7.2 percent | Copp, 2002 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Up to 15.2-15.3% | 15.25 percent | Fox and Crivelli, 1998 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 7, up to 9.5% [In July] | 7.0 percent | Burns, 1976 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Female mean IG: 5.6% [Ontario Lakes, Canada], 6.1%[Cottesmore Pond, England], 6.3% [Rhône River, Delta canals, France], 7.8% [Mirgenbach Reservoir, Moselle, France] | 5.6 percent | Dembski, 2006 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | GSI at peak months of spawning in various studies: 6.1% [England, Cottesmore pond], 9.0 [Romania, Danube Delta], 6.5 [Spain, Banyoles Lake], 6.4 [Brazil, Custodio's Dam], 9.3 [Canada, Warrens Lake], 6.9% [Canada, Black lake] | 6.1 percent | De Magalhaes and Ratton, 2005 |
19 | Relative fecundity | Vary from 1844.5 eggs for females of 51.1 g [Age 5] to 10632.9 for females 125.8 g [Age 8] | 1844.5 thousand eggs/kg | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Sex not specified] | 2.5 years | Internet, 2005 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3 [Male specified but possible at 1 year] | 3.0 years | Carrel, 2001 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [Not specified] | 2.0 years | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [Mixed] | 2.0 years | Fishbase, 2006 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | From 1.4 to 3.9 in Europe, 3-5 in their study [Both sex] | 4.0 years | Copp, 2002 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2.5 [Both sex] | 2.5 years | Olden, 2006 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | Ages of first maturity was 5.76 for males | 5.76 years | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
26 | Resting period | From August to March | No data | Copp, 2002 |
26 | Resting period | From Setember to May | No data | Burns, 1976 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | From January to early May, 1972, the gonads of both sex remained small. The ovaries begin to increase in size during late and early June. The GSI of both sex remained low from August through the fall and winter. Therefore it appears that the first sign of recrudescence in both males and females occured during late May in 1972 | ['March', 'January', 'May', 'August', 'June', 'February'] | Burns, 1976 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | March-April | ['April', 'March'] | Copp, 2002 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | June | ['June'] | Burns, 1976 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Based on GSI graph, GSI increases from 2 to 6% in May | ['May'] | Copp, 2002 |
21 | Oocyte development | Asynchronous ovogenesis [In general, the ovaries of the females contained three kinds of oocytes] | Asynchronous | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2000 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 0.6 - 2.9 [For females of 2-5 years] | 4.45 thousand eggs | Internet, 2005 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Several thousands | No data | Spillmann, 1961 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Average number of 1.684-2.923 [Range from 0.6-2.923] | 2.3035 thousand eggs | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Up to 1 | 1.0 thousand eggs | Fishbase, 2006 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 5-10 [log F=-0.59+2.16logFL, FL is the fork length in mm] | 7.5 thousand eggs | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2000 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 7.336-10.657 [Average number of vitellogenic oocyes of mature females in a single spawning season] | 8.9965 thousand eggs | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 3.6 [Total number of eggs or offsprings per breeding season] | 3.6 thousand eggs | Olden, 2006 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | For all ages: 24510.7 for UBL and 21740.8 for LBL | 24510.7 thousand eggs | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Mean length at maturity was 6.11 SL [Both sex] | 6.11 cm | Copp, 2002 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Mean length at maturity of females at 7 [In warm thermal environments] | 7.0 cm | Fox and Crivelli, 2001 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 8.9 [Both sex] | 8.9 cm | Olden, 2006 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Females 138.03 ± 3.1826 for Lower Berveley Lake and 110.11 ± 2.6945 for Upper Beverley lake | 138.03 cm | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Female mean age at maturity: 100 mm [Ontario Lakes, Canada], 78.5 mm [Cottesmore Pond, England], 70.7 mm [Rhône River, Delta canals, France], 76.6 mm [Mirgenbach Reservoir, Moselle, France] | 100.0 cm | Dembski, 2006 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Length at maturity in various studies: 61.1 mm [England, Cottesmore pond], 75.0 [Romania, Danube Delta], 47.6 [Spain, Banyoles Lake], 50.0 [Brazil, Custodio's Dam], 74 [Canada, Warrens Lake], 84.0 [Canada, Black lake] | 61.1 cm | De Magalhaes and Ratton, 2005 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Sex not specified] | 2.5 year | Internet, 2005 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Female specified, most at 3, quite rare at 2] | 2.5 year | Danylchuk and Fox, 1994 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4 [Female specified but possible at 1 year] | 4.0 year | Carrel, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [Not specified] | 2.0 year | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [Mixed] | 2.0 year | Fishbase, 2006 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | From 1.4 to 3.9 in Europe, 3-5 in their study [Both sex] | 4.0 year | Copp, 2002 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Mean age at maturity of females between 1.3-2.3 [In warm thermal environments] | 1.8 year | Fox and Crivelli, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 1.5-2 [18-24 months, age at maturation] | 1.75 year | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2.5 [Both sex] | 2.5 year | Olden, 2006 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Fish of both sexes began maturing in Lower Beverley Lake at age three and that more then 50% were mature at age six | 6.0 year | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Female mean age at maturity: 3.4 years [Ontario Lakes, Canada], 3.9 years [Cottesmore Pond, England], 1.8 year [Rhône River, Delta canals, France], 1.0 [Mirgenbach Reservoir, Moselle, France] | 3.4 year | Dembski, 2006 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | Brilliant green to organe-red spawning coloration of males | Absent | Internet, 2005 |
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | Males matured at a larger size than females in both lakes | Absent | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | It apperas that first sign of gonadal recrudescence occurred during late May | ['May'] | Burns, 1976 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | Mean 0.9, up to 1.1% [in June] | 0.9 percent | Burns, 1976 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | May | ['May'] | Burns, 1976 |
35 | Resting period | October to May | No data | Burns, 1976 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | Mean length at maturity was 6.11 SL [Both sex] | 6.11 cm | Copp, 2002 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 8.9 [Both sex] | 8.9 cm | Olden, 2006 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | Females 147.17 ± 2.1847 for Lower Berveley Lake and 117.28 ± 1.7686 for Upper Beverley lake | 147.17 cm | Deacon and Keast, 1987 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
47 | Mating system | Both males and females may mate with different parterns in the same or different nests | No category | Internet, 2005 |
47 | Mating system | The spawning of several female are released in the same nest | No category | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
47 | Mating system | Several female may mate in the same nest | No category | Spillmann, 1961 |
47 | Mating system | Male prepares the nest for another spawning with the same or different females | No category | Fishbase, 2006 |
47 | Mating system | Males and females may spawn more than once during the spanwing season | No category | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
50 | Parental care | Male guards nest, sometimes two nests until larvae are free-swimming | Male parental care | Internet, 2005 |
50 | Parental care | Nest is guarded by male | Male parental care | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
50 | Parental care | Spawn is guarded by male | Male parental care | Spillmann, 1961 |
50 | Parental care | The male guards the eggs and fans them, and guards the newly hatched young for a period of a few days | Male parental care | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
50 | Parental care | Male defends the nest for 6-7 days | Male parental care | Gross and Nowell, 1980 |
50 | Parental care | The male guards the eggs and the young (to about 11 days after hatching) | Male parental care | Fishbase, 2006 |
50 | Parental care | A long period of protection by one sex (> 1 month) or brief care by both sexes | Biparental care | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
50 | Parental care | Males guard nest and fry | Male parental care | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
50 | Parental care | Parental males remain at their nests immediatly after spawning | No category | Danylchuk and Fox, 1994 |
50 | Parental care | During a breeding season, some male spawned again after their preivous brood had hatched and dispersed. Some males fertilized and guarded as many as four broods, although the mean was close to one | No category | Shao, 1997 |
50 | Parental care | Males guard nest and newly hatched fry | Male parental care | Goodyear, 1982 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Gravel, sand, hard clay or debris such as broken glass | Ambiguous | Internet, 2005 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Sand | Psammophils | Spillmann, 1961 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Polyphil | No category | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Sand | Psammophils | Billard, 1997 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Various substrates | No category | Carrel, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Clay to sand, gravel or rocks [Nests are found within submerged aquatic vegetation] | Ambiguous | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Aquatic vegetation with clay, sand or gravel bottom | Ambiguous | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Polyphil | No category | Balon, 1975 |
44 | Spawning substrate | The susbrate of a nest was largely determined by its location in the pond: nests in the Dam area contained mostly flat rocks and gravel, while nests in the East and West areas were often built on a muddy substrate with varying amounts of gravel | Lithophils | Shao, 1997 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Eggs are deposited in conspicuous depression made in sand, gravel, or marl, or in mid or detritus excavated to expose gravel or plant roots, nest is always among vegetation, mau spawn over nests of other centrarchids | Ambiguous | Goodyear, 1982 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Males construct nests in close proximity | Nest built by male | Internet, 2005 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Excavation constructs by both parents | Nest built by both parents | Billard, 1997 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nests are built on any susbtrates | Susbtrate chooser | Carrel, 2001 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Male built a nest, which is a shallow depressions | Nest built by male | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Males build the nest | No category | Fishbase, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Zygotes are placed in a special habitat (e.g. scattered on vegetation, or buried in gravel) | Susbtrate chooser | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nest diameter usually two times length of the male | No category | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Built nest | No category | Rue, 2001 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nest spawner | No category | Balon, 1975 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Male buils and defend nests | Nest built by male | Dembski, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nest is always among vegetation | No category | Goodyear, 1982 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Eggs were collected from June 1-10, 1996, by placing clay tiles in nests of male pumpkinseed | Nest built by male | Arendt and Wilson, 2000 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 20-24 is the optimum temperature [Also 17.5-20°C] | 22.0 °C | Internet, 2005 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 19-20 | 19.5 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 15-30 | 22.5 °C | Carrel, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 20-27.8 [For nest building] | 23.9 °C | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 20-25 | 22.5 °C | Copp, 2002 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 20, 18.9-21.1 | 20.0 °C | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 13-28°C, optimum being 21-24 | 20.5 °C | Rue, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 13 [Temperature at which spawning is typically initiated] | 13.0 °C | Olden, 2006 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Beginning at 55°F, occurs at water temperatures as high as 84°F | 55.0 °C | Goodyear, 1982 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 8-10 [From 28 May until 27 July, few spawning bouts until August 13] | 9.0 weeks | Danylchuk and Fox, 1994 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Duration of the spawning period averages 6.7 weeks (range 2.3-11.1) | 6.7 weeks | Fox and Crivelli, 1998 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 12 [From mid-May to Mid-August] | 12.0 weeks | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2000 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 12 [3.00 months, length of breeding season] | 12.0 weeks | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Spawning months only for females: 2 [England, Cottesmore pond], 3 [Romania, Danube Delta], 4 [Spain, Banyoles Lake], 12 [Brazil, Custodio's Dam], 2 [Canada, Warrens Lake], 1 [Canada, Black lake] | 2.0 weeks | De Magalhaes and Ratton, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | Lakes, reservoirs, ponds and creeks | Stagnant water | Internet, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | Ponds, lakes or slow moving streams, near the shore | Stagnant water | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
42 | Spawning water type | Near the shore | Stagnant water | Fishbase, 2006 |
42 | Spawning water type | Shallow water of ponds, lakes, slow-moving streams close to shore | Stagnant water | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
42 | Spawning water type | Quiet nearshore areas, including bays, harbors, marshes, laggoons, backwaters, and creek mouths, also running waters of tributaries | Stagnant water | Goodyear, 1982 |
43 | Spawning depth | Large nests are built in deeper water, and small ones in periphery | No data | Internet, 2005 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters | No data | Carrel, 2001 |
43 | Spawning depth | 15.2-30.5 cm | 22.85 m | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
43 | Spawning depth | Very shallow waters | No data | Fishbase, 2006 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters: 20.3-40.6 cm or 15.2-30.5 cm or 15.2-45.7 | 30.45 m | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
43 | Spawning depth | Nest were located at between 40 to 45 cm deep | 40.0 m | Shao, 1997 |
43 | Spawning depth | 3 inches to 7 feet | 3.0 m | Goodyear, 1982 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | No migration | No data | Agence de l'eau, |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Move short distances inshore and enter creeks | No data | Goodyear, 1982 |
39 | Spawning season | May-June | ['May', 'June'] | Billard, 1997 |
39 | Spawning season | May-June | ['May', 'June'] | Spillmann, 1961 |
39 | Spawning season | May trough August in mid-Atlantic region | ['August', 'May'] | Internet, 2005 |
39 | Spawning season | May-June [But in July-September in South of France] | ['September', 'May', 'July', 'June'] | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | May to July | ['May', 'July'] | Danylchuk and Fox, 1994 |
39 | Spawning season | May to August | ['August', 'May'] | Carrel, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | Usually begins in late spring to early summer, sometimes to the end of August | ['April', 'May', 'September', 'August', 'June', 'July'] | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
39 | Spawning season | May to July | ['May', 'July'] | Fishbase, 2006 |
39 | Spawning season | June-July | ['June', 'July'] | Copp, 2002 |
39 | Spawning season | From last week of May until the third week in August | ['August', 'May'] | Fox and Crivelli, 1998 |
39 | Spawning season | From mid-May to Mid-August | ['August', 'May'] | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2000 |
39 | Spawning season | Late spring, early summer | ['April', 'May', 'September', 'August', 'June', 'July'] | Kerr and Grant, 1999 |
39 | Spawning season | Peak spawning occur in the second half of May | ['May'] | Rue, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | May-August | ['August', 'May', 'July', 'June'] | Goodyear, 1982 |
39 | Spawning season | Eggs were collected from June 1-10, 1996, by placing clay tiles in nests of male pumpkinseed | ['June'] | Arendt and Wilson, 2000 |
48 | Spawning release | Multiple spawner: Batches of 8000-11000 eggs for a female of 9-11 cm | Mutliple | Carrel, 2001 |
48 | Spawning release | Multiple spawning: Mean number of spawning periods 3 [Batch fecundity either 1800-3900 or 2500-14100 eggs per female] | Mutliple | Fox and Crivelli, 1998 |
48 | Spawning release | Multiple spawner fish, each female spawns repeatedly over several months [Spawn several batches of eggs, three times or more at intervals of 20-30 days] | Mutliple | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2000 |
48 | Spawning release | Small numbers of eggs and small quantities of sperm are meiited at irregular intervals [Males may spawn more than once in the same season, in the same nest, with the same or different females] | Mutliple | Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
48 | Spawning release | Eggs are deposited in clusters in the center of the nest | Fractional | Spillmann, 1961 |
48 | Spawning release | Deposited in clusters, or singly but very dense pert unit area | Fractional | Internet, 2005 |
48 | Spawning release | Several hundreds of eggs (600-5000) are released by each female in a kind of visquous ribbon | Mutliple | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
48 | Spawning release | Deposited in clusters | Fractional | Billard, 1997 |
48 | Spawning release | Either single spawning per year or from two to four spawning per year | Total | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
49 | Parity | Iteroparous | Iteroparous | Fox and Crivelli, 1998 |
49 | Parity | Gsi of all females by age class increased with age | No category | Copp, 2002 |
49 | Parity | Longevity: 9 years [Ontario Lakes, Canada], 5 years [Cottesmore Pond, England], 3-7 years [Rhône River, Delta canals, France], 3 years [Mirgenbach Reservoir, Moselle, France] | No category | Dembski, 2006 |