Trait completeness | 78% |
Total data | 155 |
References | 17 |
Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved
Trait id | Trait | Primary data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | Egg adhesiveness | No | Non-Adhesive | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Non-adhesive | Non-Adhesive | Esteves and Andrade, 2008 |
5 | Incubation time | 3-5 | 4.0 days | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
5 | Incubation time | 3-5 | 4.0 days | Taverny, 2000 |
5 | Incubation time | 4-5 | 4.5 days | Spillmann, 1961 |
5 | Incubation time | 4-8 | 6.0 days | Doherty, 2004 |
5 | Incubation time | 4-6 | 5.0 days | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
5 | Incubation time | 3-5 [Incubation takes 72 to 120 hours depdning on temperature] | 4.0 days | Aprahamian, 2001 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 70-78 | 74.0 °C * day | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | >17-18 | 17.5 °C | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 15-25 [16.5-18 for Mediterranean populations] | 20.0 °C | Taverny, 2000 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Successfully develop between 15 and 25°C | 15.0 °C | Aprahamian, 2001 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2-4.6 | 3.3 mm | Taverny, 2000 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 1.8-2.4 | 2.1 mm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 1.5-3.5 | 2.5 mm | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 1.7-4.5 | 3.1 mm | Aprahamian, 2001 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | Relatively large (1.7-4.5 mm) with a wide perivitelline space | 3.1 mm | Esteves and Andrade, 2008 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Pelagic and could derive but then sink to the bottom | Ambiguous | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Sink to the bottom | Semi-Pelagic | Spillmann, 1961 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Sink to the bottom | Semi-Pelagic | Doherty, 2004 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Sink to the bottom | Semi-Pelagic | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.2-1.5 | 1.35 mm | Spillmann, 1961 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.8-1.7 [Not specified] | 1.25 mm | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.72-1.7 [Diameter of egg before hydratation] | 1.21 mm | Taverny, 2000 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.5 | 1.5 mm | Billard, 1997 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | In ripe ovaries, ooctye diameter reaches 1.052 mm. Nevertheless, larger oocytes (1.415 mm) can be observed in partially spent and spent ovaries, which were not shed and will be resorbed | 1.052 mm | Pina, 2003 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | Oocyte diameter 1.325 ± 0.032 | 1.325 mm | Lopez, 2007 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
11 | Temperature during larval development | Preference for a temperatures in the range 17-21°C for larvae 7.7-15.2 mm, and from 17-21.5°C for larvae 18.4-23.8 in length | 19.0 °C | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
10 | Reaction to light | Photophobic | Photophobic | Taverny, 2000 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.25-6 | 5.125 mm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
8 | Initial larval size | 5-8 | 6.5 mm | Taverny, 2000 |
8 | Initial larval size | About 10 | 10.0 mm | Doherty, 2004 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.24-9.2 at hatching | 6.72 mm | Aprahamian, 2001 |
8 | Initial larval size | Individuals of A. f. fallax with depleted yolk-sacs but still with some evidence of a fin fold were catagorised as shad larvae (herein embryos were 4.92-10.79 mm SL while larvae were 5.65-20.40 mm SL) | 7.855 mm | Esteves and Andrade, 2008 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | The young fish then drop quickly dowstream in the current to the quieter waters of the upper estuary where they start to feed and grow [Both eggs and larvae are transparent] | Demersal | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | Female are usually older and bigger than males | Absent | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | Females were larger and heavier than males | Absent | Lopez, 2007 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | 23.31 | 23.31 percent | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | 18.8 ± 7.5% | 18.8 percent | Doherty, 2004 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 8.30 ± 0.83 [Between May and July] | 8.3 percent | Lopez, 2007 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 100 | 100.0 thousand eggs/kg | Billard, 1997 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 85-150 | 117.5 thousand eggs/kg | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 100-117 | 108.5 thousand eggs/kg | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 84-147 [Extreme values] | 115.5 thousand eggs/kg | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 42,540-302,358 | 421.0 thousand eggs/kg | Aprahamian, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 42,540-302,358, also 139,479, 147,378, 103,270, | 421.0 thousand eggs/kg | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
19 | Relative fecundity | Mean of 46.83 ± 5.25 (n=9) | 46.83 thousand eggs/kg | Lopez, 2007 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 | 3.5 years | Billard, 1997 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 | 2.5 years | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [mode, but between 2-6] | 3.5 years | Mennesson-Boisneau, 2000 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-5 [Male] | 4.0 years | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | Mean age of 2.95 for males | 2.95 years | Doherty, 2004 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | From 2 to 9 years, with males from 3-4 years | 3.5 years | Aprahamian, 2001 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | The males start to mature after three years | No data | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | Between 3-4 and 4-5 depedning on populations [Sex not specified] | 3.5 years | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | The average age of female at sexual maturity range between 4.86 to 5.26 years, with a mean of 4.80 ± 0.021 years [Female mature at beween 3 and 8 years old with the majority at age 4 and 5 years at the northern limit of their distribution and at age 4 years for more southernly populations, in different sutdies mean age at maturity range from : 4/55 ± 0.9 [Wye, Whales], 4.80 ± 0.02 [severn, England],, 4.38 ± 0.31 [Barrow, England], 3.94 ± 0.13 [holland], 4.27 ± 0.2 and 3.55 ± 0.2 [Loire, France], 3.93 ± 0.21 [Charente, France], 4.27 ± 0.2 and 3.74 ± 0.14 [dordogne, France], 4.35 ± 0.21 [Adour, France], 4.66 ± 0.14 [sebou, France] | 4.8 years | Aprahamian and Lester, 2001 |
21 | Oocyte development | Histological data showed that the ovary of twaite shad exhibited group-synchronous development | Group-synchronous | Lopez, 2007 |
21 | Oocyte development | The development of oocytes in twaite shad is asynchronous because these fish are capable of bringing oocytes from an immature conditions through vitellogenesis during the spawning season. Eggs are recruited from a heterogeneous population of developing oocytes and are subsequently ovulated in several batches during each spawning season. | Asynchronous | Pina, 2003 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 29-300 [Extreme values] | 164.5 thousand eggs | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 25,942-675,000 | 808.5 thousand eggs | Aprahamian, 2001 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 25,942-675,000 | 808.5 thousand eggs | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Mean of 54294 ± 6174 (n=9) | 54294.0 thousand eggs | Lopez, 2007 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 970 to 1519 g [Female specified] | 970.0 kg | Lopez, 2007 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 36.4 | 36.4 cm | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Sizes range from 47.6 to 52.9 cm [Female specified] | 47.6 cm | Lopez, 2007 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4-7 | 5.5 year | Billard, 1997 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-5 | 4.0 year | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4-5 [mode, but between 2-8] | 4.5 year | Mennesson-Boisneau, 2000 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4-6 [Female specified] | 5.0 year | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Mean age of 5.6 for female | 5.6 year | Doherty, 2004 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | From 2 to 9 years with females mainly at 4-5 years | 4.5 year | Aprahamian, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | The females do not start to mature until they are about five years old | No data | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Between 3-4 and 4-5 depedning on populations [Sex not specified] | 3.5 year | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | Males mature a year earlier | Absent | Aprahamian, 2001 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 11.82 | 11.82 percent | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 11.4 ± 2.9 | 11.4 percent | Doherty, 2004 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 34.1 | 34.1 cm | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | For female from the Severn, the critical size appears to be approximatively 330 to 340 mm | 330.0 cm | Aprahamian and Lester, 2001 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | Range from 36.5 to 46 [Male specified] | 36.5 cm | Lopez, 2007 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | Range from 523 to 905 g [Male specified] | 523.0 kg | Lopez, 2007 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
47 | Mating system | Schools | No category | Billard, 1997 |
47 | Mating system | After spawning females move downstream again, whilst males remain awaiting the chance to spawn with other females | No category | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Night | Night | Billard, 1997 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Night : between midnight and 2 a.m. | Night | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | At the beginning of the night : chiefly during 2 to 3 hours | Night | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Night : between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. | Night | Spillmann, 1961 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning usually takes place at dusk | Dusk | Doherty, 2004 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Mainly nocturnal though has been reported during daylight | Ambiguous | Aprahamian, 2001 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Twaite shad accumulate in pools during the, moving out onto the shallow, sandy-gravel riffle areas of 30 cm or so in depth to spawn during the night. | Night | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning was observed to occur between 02:00 and 4:00 h | No category | Lopez, 2007 |
50 | Parental care | None | No category | Spillmann, 1961 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Over grounds of sand or pebbles | Ambiguous | Billard, 1997 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Gravels and pebbles [sometimes sand] | Ambiguous | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Pebbles and gravels: mainly 5-9 cm but vary between 0.2-18 cm | Lithophils | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Mainly gravel | Lithophils | Doherty, 2004 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Pelagophilous | Pelagophils | Balon, 1975 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Above appropriate areas of clean gravel | Lithophils | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Occurs over susbtrate ranging from mud to sandy-gravel | Ambiguous | Aprahamian, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Gravel susbtrate | Lithophils | Lopez, 2007 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | No | No category | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | No, eggs are released directly into the water column | Open water/substratum scatter | Doherty, 2004 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open substratum spawner | Open water/substratum scatter | Balon, 1975 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 15-20 | 17.5 °C | Billard, 1997 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 18-22 | 20.0 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 16-18 | 17.0 °C | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
41 | Spawning temperature | >15 | 15.0 °C | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Water ranged from 21.7°C to 24.5°C | 21.7 °C | Lopez, 2007 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 3-6 In Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea populations | 4.5 weeks | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Males migrate to the spawning grounds first and wait there for the females which only move in when they are close to spawing | No data | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | Turbide water | No category | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Chiefly 50-100 m wide, with water current of 0.9-2 m/s, also in estuaries | Flowing or turbulent water | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
42 | Spawning water type | With constant current | Flowing or turbulent water | Spillmann, 1961 |
42 | Spawning water type | Lower reaches of the large accessible rivers along the coasts | No category | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | Upper tidal limit of the River | No category | Doherty, 2004 |
42 | Spawning water type | Flowing water | Flowing or turbulent water | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
42 | Spawning water type | Occurs in fresh water | No category | Aprahamian, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Enter the lower and middle rivers to spawn. Ebro River characterized by laminar fast flow areas | No category | Lopez, 2007 |
42 | Spawning water type | In this study, eggs, embryos and larvae of Twaite shad were only found in the upstream, riverine stations located close to the upper boundary of estuarine influence and the vicinity of the suspected spawning grounds in the River Mira | No category | Esteves and Andrade, 2008 |
43 | Spawning depth | 1.5-3 | 2.25 m | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
43 | Spawning depth | In water less than 3 m deep [sometimes between 15-30 cm] | 22.5 m | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
43 | Spawning depth | Deep water [Depth not precised] | No data | Spillmann, 1961 |
43 | Spawning depth | Less than 1.5 m | 1.5 m | Doherty, 2004 |
43 | Spawning depth | Spawniing is a noisy affair, with much splashing and chasing near the surface | No data | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.15 to 8 m | 0.15 m | Aprahamian, 2001 |
43 | Spawning depth | 3-4 m water depth | 3.5 m | Lopez, 2007 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Up to 250 km from sea (Vienne) and to 500 km (Saône), but also in estuary | 250.0 km | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Depend but could be short, i.e. 60 km | 60.0 km | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | May spawn in, or just above, the tidal reaches of rivers, but many stocks spawn in freshwater upstrezam of this. Some fish travel over 190 km to reach their spawning grounds | 190.0 km | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Later than allis shad, and during a shorter time | No data | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
37 | Spawning migration period | In Ireland, mature fish enter from April to June, with peak spawning activity occuring in late May | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Doherty, 2004 |
37 | Spawning migration period | The spawning migration into the estuary begins between February (southern populations) and May (northern populations), extends for thee months and is temperature depend | ['February', 'May'] | Aprahamian, 2001 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Mature adults enter the estuaries of many European rivers from April and migrate some distance upstream, at 10-14°C, | ['April'] | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Pre-spawning adult enter the Sever, estuary at the start of the freswater phase of their spawning migration, between mid-April and mid-June, peak migration generally occurs in May. The timing of their movement into the estuary appears related to temperature, peak immigration occuring at temperature rangin between 10.6 and 12.3°C | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Aprahamian, 1998 |
37 | Spawning migration period | This species still migrates into the River Mira and the River Guadiana, Portugal to spawn. In theses rivers, spawning migration is triggered by favourable environmental conditions, such as the increase in water temperature, and starts between March and April, when adult twaite shad congregate in the sea near the mouth of the river | ['April', 'March'] | Pina, 2003 |
37 | Spawning migration period | The upstream migration and spawning of European Alosa spp seems to be triggered by water temperature (above 10-12°C) and predominantly influenced by estuarine tides and river flows/discharge | No data | Esteves and Andrade, 2008 |
39 | Spawning season | May-June | ['May', 'June'] | Billard, 1997 |
39 | Spawning season | May-June | ['May', 'June'] | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
39 | Spawning season | June-July | ['June', 'July'] | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | March to August depends on the latitude [In Europe mainly in May] | ['August', 'March', 'May'] | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
39 | Spawning season | May until end of June | ['May', 'June'] | Spillmann, 1961 |
39 | Spawning season | The spawning season can last until June | ['June'] | Pina, 2003 |
39 | Spawning season | Twaite shad eggs, embryos and larvae occurred from late-March to mid-June, with particularly higher densities during a 5-week period from late-April through to the last week of May. | ['April', 'March', 'May', 'June'] | Esteves and Andrade, 2008 |
38 | Homing | Presence of homing, more pronounced than that of Alosa alosa | Present | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
38 | Homing | Although there is some evidence of homing in shads, it it not known if adults return to their natal rivers or the same gravels over which they have previously spawned | Present | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |
48 | Spawning release | Free, several batches | Mutliple | Spillmann, 1961 |
48 | Spawning release | Several batches during a spawning season | Mutliple | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
48 | Spawning release | Only one batch by night, 5 to 7 batches during a spawning season | Mutliple | Cassou-Leins, 2000 |
48 | Spawning release | Batch spawning reproductive behavior | Mutliple | Lopez, 2007 |
48 | Spawning release | Evidence that twaite shad are serial spawners releasing discrete batches of eggs over an extended spawning season includes macroscopic and histologic indications of recent spawning concurrent with mature vitellogenic oocytes | Mutliple | Pina, 2003 |
49 | Parity | Iteroparous (could reproduce up to 5 times during a lifetime) | Iteroparous | Bensettiti and Gaudillat, 2002 |
49 | Parity | Iteroparous, most survive after spawning [84% of male and 77-97% of female in Gironde, France], up to 3-4 tiesin a lifespan | Iteroparous | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
49 | Parity | Spawners get back to sea immediatly after the spawning season | No category | Billard, 1997 |
49 | Parity | Many twaite shad recover to spawn again next year | No category | Maitland and Lyle, 2005 |
49 | Parity | All populations are iteroparous, having a high proportion of repeat spawners | No category | Aprahamian, 2001 |
49 | Parity | May spawn several times in their lives | No category | Maitland and Hatton-Ellis, 2000 |