47 |
Mating system |
One male and several female, female lay their eggs in several nest |
Polygyny |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
47 |
Mating system |
The male has a complex courtship dance with zig-zag motions and a leading motion to the nest. A responsible female adopts a submissive head up position, which also reveals the egg-swollen belly … |
No category |
Coad, 2005 |
47 |
Mating system |
Complex courtship ! |
No category |
Crivelli, 2001 |
47 |
Mating system |
By pair, one male and and one female, but both male and female may mate with more than once with different partners |
Monogamy |
Fishbase, 2006 |
47 |
Mating system |
Male mate with 2 or 3 different females on average [Polygamous] |
No category |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
47 |
Mating system |
Sneak: pairspawning with sneakers or satellites, About 10% of nests were subjected to egg stealing and sneaking fertilization |
No category |
Ah-King, 2004 |
46 |
Nycthemeral period of oviposition |
Courtship of females and fertilization of eggs generally occured on warm sunny days |
Day |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
46 |
Nycthemeral period of oviposition |
After establishing a territory, building a nest, courting females, and then fertilizing the eggs laid in its nest by one or several females, a male enters the parental phase |
No category |
Rebs, 1984 |
46 |
Nycthemeral period of oviposition |
Three-spined sticklebacks are typical long-day breeders, and increasing water temperature and the lengthening days in psring stimulate spawning in males and females |
Day |
Sokolowska and Sokolowska, 2006 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male guards and ventilates eggs until hatching, and then continue to protect larvae for 2 weeks [Fight between males] |
Male parental care |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male guards and fans the eggs and guards the fry |
Male parental care |
Coad, 2005 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male guards eggs and juveniles |
Male parental care |
Billard, 1997 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male guards and aerates his nest |
Male parental care |
Crivelli, 2001 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male guards and ventilates the eggs and young |
Male parental care |
Fishbase, 2006 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male guards the newly hatched fish until they are able to care for themselves |
Male parental care |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
50 |
Parental care |
Males care for eggs and fry |
Male parental care |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
50 |
Parental care |
Males protect brood |
No category |
Environment agency, 1996 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male care only |
No category |
Ah-King, 2004 |
50 |
Parental care |
The male guards and fans the nest and protects the young for up to 2 weeks after hatching or until they are able to fend for themselves |
Male parental care |
Bradbury, 1999 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male fans its eggs during their development. We found no significant difference when we compared the proportion of time males spent fanning their nests during the day with night levels? However, nocturnal fanning bouts were significantly longer and less numerous than diurnal ones. |
No category |
Rebs, 1984 |
50 |
Parental care |
After collecting eggs for a period of between 1 and 10 days, the male switches to the parental phase, during which he actively repels potential egg predators, fans oxygenated water through the nest and removes unfertilized eggs and dead or diseased embryos |
No category |
Barber, 2000 |
50 |
Parental care |
Male guards nests and newly hatched larvae fry for maximum of 9 day and then begins return to deeper water |
Male parental care |
Goodyear, 1982 |
44 |
Spawning substrate |
Twigs and debris, strands of algae and pieces of aquatic plants, fragments of aquatic plants, algae, and debris |
Phytophils |
Internet, 2005 |
44 |
Spawning substrate |
Rich in vegetation |
Phytophils |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
44 |
Spawning substrate |
Sandy areas |
Psammophils |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
44 |
Spawning substrate |
Weed |
Phytophils |
Environment agency, 1996 |
44 |
Spawning substrate |
Ariadnophil |
No category |
Wolter and Vilcinskas, 1997 |
44 |
Spawning substrate |
Ariadnophil |
No category |
Balon, 1975 |
44 |
Spawning substrate |
In marine or estuarine habitats, spawning may occur in a variety of habitats including rock crevices, sheltered ellgrass bads, algal mats and sometimes over sand and silt near vegetation |
Ambiguous |
Bradbury, 1999 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Male builts a nest in form of a barrel using parts of plants and renal secretions |
Nest built by male |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Males builds a barrel-shaped nest with plant fragments and renal secretions |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
The male builds a barrel-shaped nest in shallow, sandy areas from plant fragments glued together on the bottom with kidney secretions |
Nest built by male |
Coad, 2005 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Male builts a nest with rests of plants (Arianophile) |
Nest built by male |
Billard, 1997 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Male defends a teritory and builts a nest with piece of plants sticking by secretion from kidney |
No category |
Crivelli, 2001 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Just before breeding, males become very territorial. The male builds a nest of plant-material glued together with spigging, a protein produced in the kidney. |
Nest built by male |
Fishbase, 2006 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
The nest is constructed of small twigs and plant debris, held together by the mucilaginous kidney secretion emitted by the male |
No category |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Form nest |
No category |
Environment agency, 1996 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Nest spawner |
No category |
Balon, 1975 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
The male constructs a nest of small twigs, algae or plant debris typically over a sandy or mud bottom |
Nest built by male |
Bradbury, 1999 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Male constructs a nest |
Nest built by male |
Belanger, 1987 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Spawn naturally in the nest of a male |
No category |
Wootton, 1973 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
"Following construction of a pit in a sandy substratum, the male lays down a mat of filamentous algae and other vegetation, may cover this partly with substratum carried to the nes by mouth, and finally, forms a tunnel through which the female can pass during spawning. Nest materials are secured by a ""glue"", produced in the kidney, that contains a glycoprotein, Spiggin, the secretion of which is under the control of androgenic hormone" |
No category |
Barber, 2000 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Breeding males defend their nests in a fixed territory and care for the eggs and offpsring. The kidney of the male secretes a protein glue thatis used in nest building |
No category |
Sokolowska and Sokolowska, 2006 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
Eggs are deposited in nest built on mud, sand, vegetation, or flat surface of a rock, also scattered onto vegetation |
Susbtrate chooser |
Goodyear, 1982 |
45 |
Spawning site preparation |
To examine growth of the fish, 167 progeny hatched from three nests |
No category |
Mori and Magoshi, 1987 |
41 |
Spawning temperature |
15.8-18.5 |
17.15 °C |
Internet, 2005 |
41 |
Spawning temperature |
Above 10°C |
10.0 °C |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
41 |
Spawning temperature |
>15°C [Little courtship occur when water temperature often exceed 25°C] |
15.0 °C |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
41 |
Spawning temperature |
In out study, some sticklebacks completed spawning and started a new gametogenetic cycle in June-July. Temperatures as high as 20°C probably limited breeding in the populations examined and a further increase of temperature could have been the reason why the initial phase of gamatogenesis in both sexes was disturbed |
20.0 °C |
Sokolowska and Sokolowska, 2006 |
41 |
Spawning temperature |
At 50-73°F |
61.5 °C |
Goodyear, 1982 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
8 : female release 3 to 4 batches of eggs with about 1 week between each of the batch |
8.0 weeks |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
The male parental cycle at one site in Canada lasts 9-15 days with female interspawning intervals of 19 days. |
12.0 weeks |
Coad, 2005 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
Under ideal laboratory control conditions, a pair can spawn six times within an interval of 10-15 days |
12.5 weeks |
Internet, 2005 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
Several months |
No data |
Wallace and Selman, 1979 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
4-5 |
4.5 weeks |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
5-6 |
5.5 weeks |
Terver, 1984 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
This indicates that in 1975, the breeding season in the Rheidol lasted for thrre to four months, but in Frongoch it lasted only about one month |
1975.0 weeks |
Wootton, 1978 |
40 |
Spawning period duration |
The prolonged breeding activity of sticklebacks, for as long as five months, enabled the fish to reproduce in the most favourable environmental conditions |
No data |
Sokolowska and Sokolowska, 2006 |
42 |
Spawning water type |
Shallow weedy areas [Freshwater and brackish water] |
No category |
Internet, 2005 |
42 |
Spawning water type |
Submerged areas |
No category |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
42 |
Spawning water type |
Ponds and rivers |
Stagnant water |
Poulin and Fitzgerald, 1989 |
42 |
Spawning water type |
Shallow tidal Pools |
No category |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
42 |
Spawning water type |
Anadromous populations may spawn in brackish or freshwater [Spawning in freshwater has been observed in two distinct habitat types within lakes, open-water areas, or in association with aquatic vegetation |
Stagnant water |
Bradbury, 1999 |
42 |
Spawning water type |
Pools and rivers in the salt marshes, but most reproduce in pools whose salinity fluctuates between apprimatively 14 and 27 %o, but a considerable number reproduce in the freshwater section |
No category |
Belanger, 1987 |
42 |
Spawning water type |
Sheltered, current-free / areas along lake shore and in bays, creek mouths, and tributaries, usually close to shore |
Ambiguous |
Goodyear, 1982 |
43 |
Spawning depth |
Shallow waters : 5-20 cm |
12.5 m |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
43 |
Spawning depth |
Shallow |
No data |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
43 |
Spawning depth |
< 50 cm |
50.0 m |
Poulin and Fitzgerald, 1989 |
43 |
Spawning depth |
Generally nest in water less than 30 cm deep |
30.0 m |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
43 |
Spawning depth |
Males generally avoid nesting in water shallower than 0.2 m and have been observed nesting at depths of up to 40 m |
0.2 m |
Bradbury, 1999 |
43 |
Spawning depth |
About 10 inches, but as shallow as 1-2 inches |
1.5 m |
Goodyear, 1982 |
36 |
Spawning migration distance |
Limited home range |
No data |
Environment agency, 1996 |
36 |
Spawning migration distance |
Move from deeper water to neashore areas, creek mounths, and bays, and often ascend tributaries |
No data |
Goodyear, 1982 |
37 |
Spawning migration period |
Migrations of anadromous stickleback into freshwater usually occurs in late psring (June) |
['June'] |
Bradbury, 1999 |
39 |
Spawning season |
April-June |
['April', 'May', 'June'] |
Billard, 1997 |
39 |
Spawning season |
April to October |
['April', 'October'] |
Coad, 2005 |
39 |
Spawning season |
April-May but February-March in southern region |
['February', 'April', 'March', 'May'] |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
39 |
Spawning season |
May-July [But also February-August] |
['February', 'August', 'May', 'July'] |
Internet, 2005 |
39 |
Spawning season |
March until July |
['March', 'July'] |
Crivelli, 2001 |
39 |
Spawning season |
Mainly April-June [But in March and September] |
['April', 'March', 'June', 'September'] |
Fishbase, 2006 |
39 |
Spawning season |
Generally in June-July, but from April to September |
['April', 'June', 'July', 'September'] |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
39 |
Spawning season |
Thye first nest appear in mid-May and most nest building was finished by mid-June and was extremely rare after June 30 |
['May', 'June'] |
Fitzgerald, 1983 |
39 |
Spawning season |
March-June |
['April', 'March', 'May', 'June'] |
Environment agency, 1996 |
39 |
Spawning season |
April-May |
['April', 'May'] |
Terver, 1984 |
39 |
Spawning season |
Spawning shortly occur after migration, in June [Resident freshwater populations spawn mainly in mid-Summer, during June and July] |
['June', 'July'] |
Bradbury, 1999 |
39 |
Spawning season |
The breeding season is in late spring-summer |
['April', 'May', 'September', 'August', 'June', 'July'] |
Borg and Van Veen, 1982 |
39 |
Spawning season |
May-June |
['May', 'June'] |
Borg, 1982 |
39 |
Spawning season |
Bred from April to July, but the majority of them were sexually active from May onwards |
['April', 'May', 'July'] |
Sokolowska and Sokolowska, 2006 |
39 |
Spawning season |
This fish breeds mainly during April and May, but it is possible in tha laboratory to bring into breeding condition during most of the year |
['April', 'May'] |
Swarup, 1958 |
39 |
Spawning season |
April-September |
['April', 'May', 'September', 'August', 'June', 'July'] |
Goodyear, 1982 |
39 |
Spawning season |
They have spawned from April to mid June |
['April', 'June'] |
Mori and Magoshi, 1987 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Multiples |
Mutliple |
Rinchard, 1996 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Female can spawn several times per year |
Mutliple |
Crivelli, 2001 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Females may lay eggs in sevreral nests over a period of several days or may be courted by the same male |
Mutliple |
Fishbase, 2006 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Estimated number of clutches per female is about 14 |
No category |
Copp, 2002 |
48 |
Spawning release |
50-300 in several spawnings. mostly less than 100 and more than 50 per batch |
Mutliple |
Internet, 2005 |
48 |
Spawning release |
100-400 eggs per batch |
Mutliple |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Males and females only complete one spawning in natural conditions though laboratory studies show males capable of 5 reproductive cycles and females of producing a clutch of eggs every 3-4 days. |
No category |
Coad, 2005 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Eggs are laid in clusters |
Fractional |
Scott and Crossman, 1973 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Clutches of 112 ± 19 |
No category |
Wallace and Selman, 1979 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Clutches of 33-660 eggs |
No category |
Poizat, 2002 |
48 |
Spawning release |
May ovulate several batches in a season is conditions are favourable |
Mutliple |
Tyler and Sumpter, 1996 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Eggs are deposited in clusters in the nest |
Fractional |
Bradbury, 1999 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Several batches during a breeding season |
Mutliple |
Poncin, 1987 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Spawn several in breeding season |
Mutliple |
Wootton, 1973 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Female have the physiological capacity to spawn several times during a breeding season. A well-fed female spawn 10 or more times in a breeding season |
Mutliple |
Ali and Wooton, 1999 |
48 |
Spawning release |
The numbers of mature oocytes decreased gradually to the end of breeding as a consequence of multiple spawning |
Mutliple |
Sokolowska and Sokolowska, 2006 |
48 |
Spawning release |
The female lays about 100 to 150 eggs at a time. |
No category |
Swarup, 1958 |
48 |
Spawning release |
Several spawnings may occur each season |
Mutliple |
Goodyear, 1982 |
49 |
Parity |
Semelparous, broodstock die after the spawning |
Semelparous |
Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
49 |
Parity |
Can reproduce twice in a year |
No category |
Billard, 1997 |
49 |
Parity |
Have a maximum lifespan of about 2 and 1.5 years |
No category |
Bradbury, 1999 |
49 |
Parity |
All nest builders survived |
No category |
Barber, 2000 |
49 |
Parity |
Male guards nests and newly hatched larvae fry for maximum of 9 day and then begins return to deeper water |
Iteroparous |
Goodyear, 1982 |
49 |
Parity |
After the breeding season, though there was a large mortality, a few of those remaining have experienced two summers and /or two winters. […] Usually, the three-spined stickleback had a life-span of year and a few months |
No category |
Mori and Magoshi, 1987 |