Semler, D.E., 1971. Some aspects of adaptation in a polymorphism for breeding colours in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Journal of Zoology, 165(3), pp.291-302.
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Gasterosteus aculeatus | Larvae | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | present | Present |