Trait completeness | 86% |
Total data | 188 |
References | 55 |
Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved
Trait id | Trait | Primary data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Oocyte diameter | Diameter of eggs from wild spawners range for precocious 2.0-2.6 and for delayed : 1.9-2.1 | 2.3 mm | Rojas Beltran et al, 1992 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.61 ± 0.15, n=186 [Eggs stripped from mature females, fertilized and incubated in water: hydrated eggs] | 2.61 mm | Bonislawska et al, 2001 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.98 mean diameter of fertilized egg | 2.98 mm | Bagenal, 1970 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2-3 [Not specified] | 2.5 mm | Gerdeaux, 2001 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2-3 [Not specified] | 2.5 mm | Coad, 2006 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 3-3.7 [Oocyte] | 3.35 mm | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 2.4 [Fully hardened eggs] | 2.4 mm | Penaz, 1981 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | Diameter range for wild breeders from 2.0 +/- 0.05 ; 2.4 +/- 0.04; 2.6 +/- 0.07 | 2.0 mm | Rojas Beltran et al, 1992 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal [Sink to the bottom] | Demersal | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | The eggs of Salmonidae are buried in unguarded nests called 'redds' and are demersal-nonadheive | Demersal | Kunz, 2004 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Slightly adhesive [Stick to gravel and sand] | Adhesive | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Slightly adhesive [Stick to gravel] | Adhesive | Coad, 2006 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The eggs of Salmonidae are buried in unguarded nests called 'redds' and are demersal-nonadheive | Non-Adhesive | Kunz, 2004 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Slightly adhesive and stick to each other | Adhesive | Bagenal, 1970 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Salmonidae, whose eggs are not sticky | Non-Adhesive | Woynarovich, 1962 |
5 | Incubation time | 190.0 | 190.0 days | Bogdanov, 1984 |
5 | Incubation time | 90-100 | 95.0 days | Coad, 2006 |
5 | Incubation time | 45-125 [340 degree days [At 2.7°C], 420 [4.9°C] and 363 [7.9°C]] | 85.0 days | Bagenal, 1970 |
5 | Incubation time | About 100 | 100.0 days | Maitland, 1977 |
5 | Incubation time | The eggs were stripped from broodstock in November and incubated in jars. Hatching took place on 4-5 April | 4.5 days | Koskela and Eskelinen, 1992 |
5 | Incubation time | The time of the onset and average duration (days) of the same stages of embryonic development of Coregonus lavaretus baunti 78-81 and duration : 79; and Coregonus lavaretus 200-220, and duration 210. | 79.5 days | Chernyaev, 2007 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Optimum range is 3-7 [Can be incubated successfully at 1°C ("cold breeding"), but such eggs have to be trasnfered to 5-10°C before hatching; Upper lethal incubation is 10°C] | 5.0 °C | Rösch, 1995 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 7.0 | 7.0 °C | Beltran and Champigneulle, 1991 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Starts at 7-8°C then 2-3°C | 7.5 °C | Beltran and Champigneulle, 1992 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 0.4-5.2 | 2.8 °C | Piironen, 1987 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 9.5-10 [Precocious hatching] and 1.5 [Delayed hatching] | 9.75 °C | Luczynski and Kolman, 1987 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 1.2-3.3 [Temperature of incubation in natural conditions] | 2.25 °C | Zuromska, 1982 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Optimal 6, range 4-8 | 6.0 °C | Saat and Veersalu, 1996 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Optimum temperature of 6°C or less | 6.0 °C | Coad, 2006 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 4-6 [Total mortality occurred at 10°C, and a very high mortality prior to, and during hatching in those at about 8°C] | 5.0 °C | Bagenal, 1970 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubated at 5°C | 5.0 °C | Keinänen, et al, 2003 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubated at a constant temperature of 9°C | 9.0 °C | Luczynski et al, 1986 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubated at 5-7°C until the "eyed stage", then they were gradually transferred to 10°C | 6.0 °C | Champigneulle, 1988 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Hatching occurred at about 8°C | 8.0 °C | Segner et al, 1988 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Eggs were incuabted in Zoug bottles with untreated lake water at 5-8°C which is a temperature close to natural conditions for incubation | 6.5 °C | Champigneulle and Rojas-Beltran, 1990 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Best temperatures: 1.5-4, range 0.1-8 | 2.75 °C | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubated at 6-8°C | 7.0 °C | Rojas Beltran et al, 1992 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Hatching was accelerated by increasing the water temperature to 2.0°C on 25 February and 5-6°C on 28 March | 5.5 °C | Koskela and Eskelinen, 1992 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Water temperature was 4°C in November-December, and then it increased gradually up to 6°C in late March-April. These temepratures are in the range of optimal temperatures for C. lavaretus embryos. | 4.0 °C | Albert et al, 2004 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | The eggs of coregonids are adpated to development under extremely low values of water temperature (0.1-0.5°C) and even when embebded in the ice | 0.3 °C | Chernyaev, 2007 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | The aquaria were supplied with filtered lake water. Water temperature increased gradually from 7°C in February to 19.5°C in June 1986 | 7.0 °C | Dlugosz and Demska-Zakes, 1989 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 230-350 | 290.0 °C * day | Zuromska, 1982 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 340 [At 2.7], 420 [4.9°C] and 363 [7.9°C] | 340.0 °C * day | Bagenal, 1970 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | Hatching began at highest salinity (6.2 ppt) at 220 degree-days after fertilisation. Time of hatching at 50% of larvae decreased from 616 degree-days at 0.2 ppt to 470 degree-days at 4.8 ppt and 239 degree-days at 6.2 ppt […] Percentage of abnormal free embryos was ~ 20 at 0.2-2.5 ppt but increased rapidly at higher salinities | 1.35 °C * day | Albert et al, 2004 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Initial larval size | 11.7-12.3 | 12.0 mm | Beltran and Champigneulle, 1991 |
8 | Initial larval size | 9-13 | 11.0 mm | Champigneulle and Beltran, 1996 |
8 | Initial larval size | 8.3-11.3 [Mean 9.89, n=915] | 9.8 mm | Bogdanov, 1984 |
8 | Initial larval size | 11-12 | 11.5 mm | Luczynski and Kolman, 1987 |
8 | Initial larval size | 11.6 [with n=50] | 11.6 mm | Beltran and Champigneulle, 1992 |
8 | Initial larval size | 12.4 after 4 days post-hatching | 12.4 mm | Rösch and Appelbaum, 1985 |
8 | Initial larval size | 11.7 | 11.7 mm | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
8 | Initial larval size | From wild breeders, mean size ranged from 12.1 to 12.5 and for domestic breeders from 11.2 to 11.8 mm | 11.8 mm | Rojas Beltran et al, 1992 |
8 | Initial larval size | Peipsi whitefish has TL at hatching of 10.8-12.4 mm. In the present study the maximum TL (> 11 mm) was observed at 1.9-3.5 ppt. At the salinity with the highest embryonic survival (0.5 ppt) average TL was 10.6 mm | 11.6 mm | Albert et al, 2004 |
10 | Reaction to light | Newly hatched European whitefish larvae have a positive phototactic reponse and aggregate in surface waters | Photopositive | Ylönen and Karjalainen, 2004 |
10 | Reaction to light | Having a positive phototaxis, larval coregonids migrating dowstream from the spawning grounds move to this high-productive grounds | Photopositive | Chernyaev, 2007 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 12-18 [Most suitable for growth and survival] | 15.0 °C | Rösch, 1995 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 9-12 [Better results at 13°C] | 10.5 °C | Beltran and Champigneulle, 1991 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 10-16 | 13.0 °C | Beltran and Champigneulle, 1992 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Starts at 10 to 15 | 10.0 °C | Luczynski and Kolman, 1987 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 7-13.5 | 10.25 °C | Davis and Todd, 1998 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 16 | 16.0 °C | Keckeis and Schiemer, 1992 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Aquarium heaters maintained the temperatures at 11 ± 1 and 14 ± 1°C | 11.0 °C | Rösch and Appelbaum, 1985 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | After hatching, when 50% of the fish has started to feed on exogeneous food, they were acclimated to 15°C | 50.0 °C | Luczynski et al, 1986 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 10°C | 10.0 °C | Champigneulle, 1988 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Water temperature was held at 12 ± 0.5°C | 12.0 °C | Segner et al, 1988 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared at 10°C | 10.0 °C | Rojas Beltran, Champigneulle, Gillet and Le Rouilly, 1992 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | For 5 days old, preferred temperature of 14-16°C and a lethal of 28.6°C; for 15 days old, a preferred temperature of 15-17°C and a lethal one of 29.5°C | 15.0 °C | Jezierska et al, 1979 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Water was obtained from a spring, and the temperature was 10.5 +/- 0.5°C | 10.5 °C | Rojas Beltran et al, 1992 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | The optimum temperature for growth was between 19.3 and 20.6°C depending on the calculation method and the parameters measured, the rate of net biomass gain reaching its maximum at a temperature of about 19.3°C | 19.3 °C | Koskela and Eskelinen, 1992 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared in spring water 10.5 +/- 0.5°C | 10.5 °C | Rojas Beltran et al, 1992b |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Mean temperature in the different growth periods ranged from 4.6 to 19.8°C | 4.6 °C | Koskela, 1992 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | The tanks were provided with aerated tap water (12 +/-0.5°C) | 12.0 °C | Rösch, 1992 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Water in in the tanks was changed continuously with pre-conditioned tap water at 12 +/- 1°C | 12.0 °C | Schlechtriem et al, 2004 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Water temperature was measured in every aquarium once a day and remained similar in the different treatments 13.1 +/- 0.9°C | 13.1 °C | Ylönen and Karjalainen, 2004 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | La température de l'eau, au cours de la vie précoce des corégones, excède rarement 15°C, et la plupart des auteurs ont experimenté à une température de l'eau ressemblant à celle des lacs, c'est-à-dire 10°C | 15.0 °C | Dabrowski, 1984 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Whitefish to a large extent cannibalize their own eggs | Absent | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Never observed | Absent | Kozlowski and Poczyczynski, 1999 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | The yolk is used 7 days after the start of feeding (which is four days after hatching), and the oil globule of the yolk sac persists about 10 days longer at 12°C for Coregonus fera !! | 7.0 °C * day | Loewe and Eckmann, 1988 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Feeding begin 4 days after hatching at 10-10.5°C | 10.25 °C * day | Beltran and Champigneulle, 1992 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | After a 2-days period of adaptation, the feeding experiment was begun with larvae 1-2 days old at T of 11 or 14°C. Living zooplankton was consumed immediatly afteits initial introduction | 1.5 °C * day | Rösch and Appelbaum, 1985 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Four days at 10°C, at a size of 11.2 ± 0.1 mm | 10.0 °C * day | Champigneulle, 1988 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Feeding started 4 days after hatching at 12 ±0.5°C | 12.0 °C * day | Segner et al, 1988 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 4 days after hatching at a size of 11-12 mm | 11.5 °C * day | Champigneulle and Rojas-Beltran, 1990 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | At 14-16°C, larvae begin to feed on the 2nd-3rd day after hatching. At lower temperatures (5-11.8°C) active feeding begins later, and according to various authors its beginning fluctuates between the 5th and 8th day | 15.0 °C * day | Jezierska et al, 1979 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Food was found in all yolk-sac larvae 10 mm and larger indicating that feeding is normal for yolk-sac larvae | 10.0 °C * day | Hudd et al, 1992 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Fish larvae were fed nematodes ad libitum starting on day 1 after hatching.Nematodes are readily ingested by 2-day-old whitefish larvae. In comparison with the ingestion of nematodes, the onset of dry diet intake by Coregonus lavaretus is clearly delayed, starting around 8 days after hatching | 1.0 °C * day | Schlechtriem et al, 2004 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Feeding commenced on 13 February (three days after hatching) | 13.0 °C * day | Dlugosz and Demska-Zakes, 1989 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-6 [Sex not speicifed] | 4.0 year | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Female] | 3.5 year | Fishbase, 2006 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4 [Female] | 4.0 year | Bagenal, 1970 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Sex not specified] | 3.5 year | Maitland, 1977 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 years [Not specified] | 2.5 year | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Fermales were mostly aged 2+; less numerous were age groups 3+ and 4+. The youngest and oldest females were aged 1+ and 10+ | 2.0 year | Heese, 1990 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 27.9 | 27.9 cm | Bagenal, 1970 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.207 | 0.21 kg | Bagenal, 1970 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 30 | 30.0 thousand eggs/kg | Gerdeaux, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 21.427 ± 1.577 [For Circumneutral populations] and 28.278 ± 1.288 [Highly acidified populations] | 21.43 thousand eggs/kg | Vuorinen et al, 2004 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 10-21 | 15.5 thousand eggs/kg | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
19 | Relative fecundity | Mean 45721.2, range 29012-63468 [Other studies: 20000-45000] | 46240.0 thousand eggs/kg | Heese, 1990 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 82.250 | 82.25 thousand eggs | Coad, 2006 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 1-28 | 14.5 thousand eggs | Maitland, 1977 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Mean of 64945.6, range 23650-131418, for female of 39.5-59.2 cm | 77534.0 thousand eggs | Heese, 1990 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | July | ['July'] | Fuller et al, 1976 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | July (?) | ['July'] | Heese, 1990 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Mainly September-October [From July until December there was a progressive increase] | ['July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Fuller et al, 1976 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | September-October | ['September', 'October'] | Heese, 1990 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | 15.77 [Not specified when] | 15.77 percent | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 16%, up to 21% [In December] | 16.0 percent | Fuller et al, 1976 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Up to 29-30% [End of November] | 29.5 percent | Heese, 1990 |
26 | Resting period | After spawning, the gonadosomatic ratio of females fell suddenly and remained low, about 1% of body weight, for 6 months until July[From March to May ovaries contained only primary (pre-vitellogenic) oocytes. Secondary oocytes, wihc chorion and yolkk precursors, appeared in May] | 1.0 months | Fuller et al, 1976 |
26 | Resting period | After spawning, the gonads were basically resting until April and May | 3.0 months | Heese, 1990 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-6 [Sex not specified] | 4.0 years | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3 [Male] | 3.0 years | Fishbase, 2006 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3 [Male] | 3.0 years | Bagenal, 1970 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [sex not specified] | 3.5 years | Maitland, 1977 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 [Not specified] | 2.5 years | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | About 24.0 | 24.0 cm | Bagenal, 1970 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | About 0.127 | 0.13 kg | Bagenal, 1970 |
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | May bear rows of elongate tubercules on the scales | Absent | Coad, 2006 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | July | ['July'] | Fuller et al, 1976 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | June | ['June'] | Heese, 1990 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | August and September | ['August', 'September'] | Fuller et al, 1976 |
32 | Main spermatogenesis activity | September-October | ['September', 'October'] | Heese, 1990 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 2 [Not specified] | 2.0 percent | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 2%, up to 2.5% [In September until January, with no significant change during this period] | 2.0 percent | Fuller et al, 1976 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 3% [In the end of October] | 3.0 percent | Heese, 1990 |
35 | Resting period | It fell gradually from January to a minimum of 0.4% in June and July | 4.0 months | Fuller et al, 1976 |
35 | Resting period | Below 1%, between February and May | 1.0 months | Heese, 1990 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
37 | Spawning migration period | Late autumn on their spawning run, males arrive earlier than females and occupied the spawning area for a longer period | ['October', 'November', 'December'] | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
37 | Spawning migration period | There is a spawning migration which may occur in summer but more usually peaks in autumn | ['July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Coad, 2006 |
37 | Spawning migration period | During the first 2-3 weeks of January, ripe males migrated to the spawning grounds, where they remained until the end of the spawning period | ['January'] | Fuller et al, 1976 |
39 | Spawning season | October-December | ['October', 'December'] | Billard, 1997 |
39 | Spawning season | October to December | ['October', 'November', 'December'] | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | Late October to late November | ['October', 'November'] | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
39 | Spawning season | December to January | ['January', 'December'] | Gerdeaux, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | Some in autum, and some in winter December to March | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'December'] | Zuromska, 1982 |
39 | Spawning season | November to December | ['November', 'December'] | Fishbase, 2006 |
39 | Spawning season | Spawning takes place in summer, autumn or winter | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'] | Coad, 2006 |
39 | Spawning season | From 15 th January to 15 February | ['January', 'February'] | Bagenal, 1970 |
39 | Spawning season | October to January | ['January', 'October', 'November'] | Maitland, 1977 |
39 | Spawning season | Spawning takes place during the first 3 weeks of January in Loch Lomond, Scotland | ['January'] | Fuller et al, 1976 |
39 | Spawning season | Late November-early December | ['November', 'December'] | Heese, 1990 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Males appear at the spawning area earlier than females | No data | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Usually about one month | No data | Salojarvi, 1982 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 4 [From 15 January to 15 February] | 4.0 weeks | Bagenal, 1970 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Spawning takes place during the first 3 weeks of January in Loch Lomond, Scotland | 3.0 weeks | Fuller et al, 1976 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 3-3.5 | 3.25 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Lower than 6 | 6.0 °C | Zuromska, 1982 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 0.4-0.5 | 0.45 °C | Salojarvi, 1982 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 2.5-6 | 4.25 °C | Kamler et al, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 2-6 | 4.0 °C | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
42 | Spawning water type | The spawning area is located below waterfall being 4.5 km upstream | No category | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
42 | Spawning water type | Shore of lakes | Stagnant water | Billard, 1997 |
42 | Spawning water type | Shore of lakes | Stagnant water | Gerdeaux, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Shallow areas and rivers | No category | Salojarvi, 1982 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.5-2 m deep | 1.25 m | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.3-1 up to 1.5 [Less than 10 m, except in very big and deep lakes] | 0.65 m | Zuromska, 1982 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.5-10 | 5.25 m | Salojarvi, 1982 |
43 | Spawning depth | Summer spawning takes place in deeper water than winter spawning | No data | Coad, 2006 |
43 | Spawning depth | Less than 7.6 m | 7.6 m | Bagenal, 1970 |
43 | Spawning depth | Seem to be 7 m | 7.0 m | Mack and Billard, 1984 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Large stones with coarse gravel and send embebded | Lithophils | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Gravels | Lithophils | Billard, 1997 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Sand | Psammophils | Gerdeaux, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Bottons being hard, stony and gravelly, or gravelly and sandy, sometimes with scarce vegetation [Sometimes on plants] | Lithophils | Zuromska, 1982 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Graves, but also over sand or even mud | Psammophils | Coad, 2006 |
44 | Spawning substrate | The bottom was found to consist of a witish clay covered by a layer of sand. There were a few scattered stones and patches covered with a growth Fontinalis antipyretica [Schelly eggs were found round the stones, on the sand and more plentifully on and amongst the weed] | Phytophils | Bagenal, 1970 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Lithophils | Lithophils | Balon, 1975 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Over gravel | Lithophils | Maitland, 1977 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Lithophils | Lithophils | Kamler et al, 1996 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Gravel banks | Lithophils | Fuller et al, 1976 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Non-territorial species where males neither fight for females nor dig spawning ditches | Susbtrate chooser | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open water/substratum egg scatteres | Open water/substratum scatter | Fishbase, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open substratum spawner | Open water/substratum scatter | Balon, 1975 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Male do not defend territories | No category | Ah-King et al, 2004 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Open susbstratum spawner | No category | Kamler et al, 1996 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning takes place at night | Night | Fishbase, 2006 |
47 | Mating system | Exhibit no permanent pair-binding [Males and females swim close to each other towards the surface while ejecting eggs and milt. Males are more active than females] | No category | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
47 | Mating system | Group: communal spawning, 1-4 males/female, aggregating in shallow water to spawn | Promiscuity | Ah-King et al, 2004 |
48 | Spawning release | Females move in each night as they rippen | No category | Coad, 2005 |
49 | Parity | Can live up to 10 years | No category | Maitland, 1977 |
49 | Parity | The youngest and oldest females were aged 1+ and 10+ | No category | Heese, 1990 |
50 | Parental care | Does not protect their eggs | No care | Skurdal et al, 1985 |
50 | Parental care | Nonguarders | No care | Fishbase, 2006 |
50 | Parental care | No protection | No care | Coad, 2006 |
50 | Parental care | Care not mentionned | No care | Ah-King et al, 2004 |
50 | Parental care | Parental care is absent in coregonids and lake char | No care | Willson, 1997 |
50 | Parental care | Individual females migrate to the spawning-grounds as ovulation takes place, spawn, and return to deep water | No care | Fuller et al, 1976 |