Trait completeness | 96% |
Total data | 339 |
References | 48 |
Author: Fabrice Téletchéa
License: All rights reserved
Trait id | Trait | Primary data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive [Agglutinative and are attached on the ground or plant roots] | Adhesive | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Mostly attached to plants | Non-Adhesive | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive | Craig, 2000 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Adhesive | Adhesive | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Sticky [At the end of the incubation the stickiness decreases] | Adhesive | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Highly sticky | Adhesive | Lehtonen, 1996 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | Stick rapidly to the substrate | Adhesive | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
4 | Egg adhesiveness | The adhesive chorion that occurs in these fish species allows the eggs to attach to various substrate types | Adhesive | Demsla-Zakes, 2005 |
5 | Incubation time | 6-10 | 8.0 days | Hovarth, 1992 |
5 | Incubation time | 10-16 | 13.0 days | Spillmann, 1961 |
5 | Incubation time | 12 [10°C], 3-4 [20°C] | 3.5 days | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
5 | Incubation time | Depending on the temperature, the larval development takes 5-9 days | 7.0 days | Lehtonen, 1996 |
5 | Incubation time | 7 days at 15°C | 7.0 days | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 110-120 | 115.0 °C * day | Hovarth, 1992 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | Mass hatching at 137.5 [6.3°C], 213 [8.2°C], 193 [12.6°C], 149.8 [16.2°C], 70.1 [21°C] | 137.5 °C * day | Kokurewicz, 1969 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 70-110 | 90.0 °C * day | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | About 120-150 [i.e. 10-16 days at 12-15°C] | 135.0 °C * day | Spillmann, 1961 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 100-110 | 105.0 °C * day | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 80-110 [At a temperature of 15°C] | 95.0 °C * day | Kestemont and Mélard, 2000 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 100-110 | 105.0 °C * day | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 70-120 | 95.0 °C * day | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | 60-70 DD for the first and last 3-6 days at 14°C | 65.0 °C * day | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | Hatching usually occurs at 100-110 DD (at 14-15°C) but can occur earlier (65-90 DD) with a low viability if the eggs are small (diamer: 0.8-1 mm) | 105.0 °C * day | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
7 | Degree-days for incubation | About 80 | 80.0 °C * day | Szkudlarek and Zakes, 2007 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 12-16 is the optimum [At 20, the number of normal hatched larvae decreased, Incubation temperature must stay below 20°C to avoid deformities] | 14.0 °C | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 12-16 [Optimum temperature] | 14.0 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Possible between 6.3-21.0 | 13.65 °C | Kokurewicz, 1969 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 12-15 | 13.5 °C | Spillmann, 1961 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 15°C [Recommended temperature of 15°C] | 15.0 °C | Kestemont and Mélard, 2000 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 12-24 | 18.0 °C | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 12-18 is optimal [10°C result in serious losses, and above 26°C develop abnormally] | 15.0 °C | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 14-16 | 15.0 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | 14 | 14.0 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | Incubation temperature must stay below 20°C to avoid deformities | 20.0 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | The eggs were incubated in Weiss jars at 17 +/- 1.0°C until hatching | 17.0 °C | Szkudlarek and Zakes, 2007 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | At 18.5 ± 1°C | 18.5 °C | Wang, 2009 |
6 | Temperature for incubation | The mean, daily water temperature during incubation ranged from 16.0 to 16.6°C | 16.0 °C | Demsla-Zakes, 2005 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 1.0-1.5 | 1.25 mm | Hovarth, 1992 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | The eggs swell after fertilization due to uptake of water | No data | Craig, 2000 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 0.8-1.67 [Swollen] | 1.235 mm | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 1.28-1.5 [After eggs have been deposited, they absorb water, resulting in an increase of approximatively 30 percent] | 1.39 mm | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 1.02-1.67 [After fertilization] | 1.345 mm | Lehtonen, 1996 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | About 1-1.5 [Egg fertilized] | 1.25 mm | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 0.8-1, also described at 1-1.5 | 0.9 mm | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | 0.8-1.5 [Swollen] | 1.15 mm | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
2 | Egg size after water-hardening | In the 2003 spawning, the diameter of the most swollen pikeperch eggs ranged from 1.33 to 1.44 mm | 1.385 mm | Demsla-Zakes, 2005 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal | Demersal | Craig, 2000 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | The eggs of Salmonidae are buried in unguarded nests called 'redds' and are demersal-nonadheive | No category | Kunz, 2004 |
3 | Egg Buoyancy | Demersal | Demersal | Lehtonen, 1996 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.0-1.5 [Not specfied] | 1.25 mm | Craig, 2000 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.6-0.8 [Dry] | 0.7 mm | Hovarth, 1992 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.5 [Not specified] | 1.5 mm | Spillmann, 1961 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.7-0.85 [Unswollen eggs] | 0.775 mm | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.5 | 1.5 mm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1.0-1.5 [Not specfied] | 1.25 mm | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 1-1.5 | 1.25 mm | Fishbase, 2006 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | Mean 0.88, range 0.68-1.04 [Ovocyte diameter] | 0.86 mm | Poulet, 2004 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.85 [Average diameter of the largest oocyte in fully developed ovaries] | 0.85 mm | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.8-1.5 [Not specified, but seems unswollen] | 1.15 mm | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.7-0.85 [Before fertilization] | 0.775 mm | Lehtonen, 1996 |
1 | Oocyte diameter | 0.8 [Mature oocyte] | 0.8 mm | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
11 | Temperature during larval development | Temperatures lower than 10°C are lethal to the larvae | 10.0 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Optimum temperatures are in the range of 16-20°C. Growth is rather poor at 16-18°C and best between 26-30°C | 18.0 °C | Hilge and Steffens, 1996 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 14-23 optimum T | 18.5 °C | Craig, 2000 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 22-26 | 24.0 °C | Kestemont and Mélard, 2000 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | 13.1 | 13.1 °C | Fishbase, 2006 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | The optimal temperature for larval growth is 24-29°C, but in the Baltic sea such temperatures are seldom reached and the development occurs usually between 15-25°C. However, it was also suggested that larvae with the best coefficient favour temperatures between 12-16°C | 26.5 °C | Lehtonen, 1996 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | Reared at 14°C | 14.0 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
11 | Temperature during larval development | The larvae were reared at constant water temperature of 20°C, until the 30th post hatching | 20.0 °C | Ostasweska, 2005 |
10 | Reaction to light | Phototropic | Photopositive | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
10 | Reaction to light | Positively phototactic | Photopositive | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
10 | Reaction to light | Although there is a short stage of positive phototropism in fry, older pike-perch generally prefer dim light | Photopositive | Hilge and Steffens, 1996 |
10 | Reaction to light | The hatched larvae are highly phototropic | Photopositive | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism seems to be apply only to Central and Eastern European regions, not to Western Europe | Present | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | In rearing conditions, cannibalism has been observed with individuals 2 to 4 cm long. In natural conditions, the cannibalism is maximal with individuals 1.1-2.0 cm long | Present | Chodorowski, 1975 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Cannibalism could be a big problem | Present | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | This includes the onset of cannbalism due to the size differences bewteen indifviduals of this species. Bi-modality of size frequency distributions is a well-known phenomenon in this species. An earlier start of cannibaslim was observed in pike-perch of smaller size (less than 30 mm) fed in laboratory experiments using artifical diets, however cannibalism ceases at aout 5 cm body length (1.2 g). | Present | Hilge and Steffens, 1996 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | The first cannibalistic attacks were observed at 4-6th day after rearing | Present | Mamcarz, 1997 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Larvae are cannibalistic on their siblings [Cannibalism by adults also takes place when larvae are > 18 mm] | Present | Craig, 2000 |
12 | Sibling intracohort cannibalism | Mortality at all densities was mainly caused by cannibalism II type behaviour (27-35% of total). The first signs of cannibalism were observed in larvae measuring 15 mm in total length, and it increased after the larvae had exceeded 20 mm, consequently, it occurred primarily during the period when they fed exclusively on artificial feed | Present | Szkudlarek and Zakes, 2007 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 100-110 at 14-15°C | 105.0 °C * day | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | Their yolk-sacs are totally used after 10-12 days at a length of 6.5-9 mm | 11.0 °C * day | Lehtonen, 1996 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | 100 | 100.0 °C * day | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | Nearly resorbed after 4-5 days after hatching at 14°C | 4.5 °C * day | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
13 | Full yolk-sac resorption | The end of endogenous feeding of pike-perch larvae reared at 20°C took place at the same time as macroscopic yolk resorption, on the 6 day post hatching. The remaing traces of yolk nutrients visible under the microscope were absorbed until the 17 day of life | 20.0 °C * day | Ostasweska, 2005 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | At the age of 2-5 days the larvae start exogeneous feeding | 3.5 °C * day | Lehtonen, 1996 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 3 days after hatching at 15°C | 3.0 °C * day | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | The period of endogeneous feeding of the pike-perch lasted until the 6th day post hatching, mixed endo-exogenous feeding occurred from the 6th to the 12th day, and from the 17th day on the fish were exclusively fed exogenous feeding | 6.0 °C * day | Ostasweska, 2005 |
14 | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 4-18 dph, corresponding to the period extending from the beginning of exogenous feeding to the end of swim bladder inflation. Feedinf started in the final stages of the absorption of the yolk sac (about 4 days post hatching). Feeding with Artemia nauplii started 1 day later | 11.0 °C * day | Szkudlarek and Zakes, 2007 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.5-5.0 | 4.75 mm | Hovarth, 1992 |
8 | Initial larval size | 3.5 | 3.5 mm | Spillmann, 1961 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.5-5.5 but some at 7.0 (?) | 5.0 mm | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
8 | Initial larval size | Either 4.1-4.8 or 3.9-4.5 | 4.45 mm | Lehtonen, 1996 |
8 | Initial larval size | 3-3.5 | 3.25 mm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.0-5.0 | 4.5 mm | Craig, 2000 |
8 | Initial larval size | 6.0 | 6.0 mm | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
8 | Initial larval size | 3.5-5.5 | 4.5 mm | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
8 | Initial larval size | 3.5 | 3.5 mm | Fishbase, 2006 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4-5 | 4.5 mm | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.6 | 4.6 mm | Balon, 1977 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.0-5.0 | 4.5 mm | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.2-5.2 | 4.7 mm | Kokurewicz, 1969 |
8 | Initial larval size | 4.5-5.5 | 5.0 mm | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
8 | Initial larval size | Total body length of newly hatched larvae was 5.04 +/- 0.05 mm | 5.04 mm | Ostasweska, 2005 |
8 | Initial larval size | The standard length of first feeding pikeperch larvae in ponds was 6.1 mm, on average | 6.1 mm | Peterka, 2003 |
8 | Initial larval size | Larval weight and length at hatching ranged between 0.34 and 0.40 mg, and 5.03 and 5.17 mm | 0.34 mm | Wang, 2009 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Active | Demersal | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Larvae leave the nest immediatly after hatching | Demersal | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Immediate dispersion after hatching | Demersal | Urho, 2002 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | The larvae live during the first two weeks post hatching near the bottom and then change their habitat from the benthic to the pelagic | Demersal | Lehtonen, 1996 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Larvae alternate between pelagic and benthic phases | Pelagic | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
9 | Larvae behaviour | Show alternate phases of upward swimming to the water surface and passive falling to the tank bottom | Demersal | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | During the spawning season, female display a white belly compared to male | Present | Spillmann, 1961 |
18 | Female sexual dimorphism | The genital papilla protrudes more strongly in the female than in mal | Present | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Can reach 22 for rearing individuals, but only 7 when conditions are bad | 22.0 percent | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Can reach 22 [Before spawning] | 22.0 percent | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
24 | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 9, but up to 21.6 [March] | 9.0 percent | Poulet, 2004 |
25 | Oogenesis duration | The gonald recrusdescence starts much later in pikeperch then in walleye and vitellogenesis is also completed later on | No data | Kestemont and Mélard, 2000 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 150-200 | 175.0 thousand eggs/kg | Hovarth, 1992 |
19 | Relative fecundity | From 48 to 467 [Extreme values], average values are 150-400 | 275.0 thousand eggs/kg | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 200 | 200.0 thousand eggs/kg | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | About 200 | 200.0 thousand eggs/kg | Spillmann, 1961 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 200 | 200.0 thousand eggs/kg | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 150-260 [Generally slightly over 200] | 205.0 thousand eggs/kg | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
19 | Relative fecundity | Mean 255.412 ±16.710 | 255.412 thousand eggs/kg | Poulet, 2004 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 185-235 | 210.0 thousand eggs/kg | Demska-Zakes and Zakes, 2002 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 160-260 | 210.0 thousand eggs/kg | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 135-200 | 167.5 thousand eggs/kg | Environment agency, 1996 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 200 | 200.0 thousand eggs/kg | Kunz, 2004 |
19 | Relative fecundity | In Szczecin Lagoon: the raltive fecundity estimated for the length class varied from 152 eggs at 39 cm to 643 eggs at 67 cm. In vistual lagoon: the relative fecundity estimated for the smallest length class studied, 42 cm, was 207 eggs, while for the longest class, 84 cm, is was 377 eggs. In Curonian Lagoon, the lowest value 138 eggs was found in the ovary of a 58 cm female, the higesht 449 was noted for a 49 cm female | 152.0 thousand eggs/kg | Kosior and wandzel, 2001 |
19 | Relative fecundity | 200 | 200.0 thousand eggs/kg | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 | 2.5 years | Horvath, 1992 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 [Sex specified] | 2.0 years | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 | 2.5 years | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 2-4 | 3.0 years | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Sex not specified, rarely 2] | 3.5 years | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Both sex] | 3.5 years | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 1 [50% of mature males] | 1.0 years | Poulet, 2004 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Not specified] | 3.5 years | Environment agency, 1996 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | 1-2 for both sex in France, but in other countries 3-6 | 1.5 years | Goubier, 1977 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | Mature at the end of the first or second year | No data | Zivkov and Petrova, 1993 |
27 | Age at sexual maturity | Attain sexual maturity in the Baltic Sea between 2-5 years of age, the bulk of individuals at the age of 3-4 years. In general, male smature one year earlier and with a smaller body size than females. Due to lower growth rate, pikeperch mature generally later in the northern Baltic (4-5 years of age) | 3.5 years | Lehtonen, 1996 |
26 | Resting period | From May-June the post-spawning season and from June to September the resting period | No data | Poulet, 2004 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | From September to December, pre-maturation of gonads | ['December', 'September'] | Poulet, 2004 |
22 | Onset of oogenesis | In the Northern hemisphere, gametogenesis is initiated in August-September when both temperature and photoperiod are decreasing. Gametes are synthesized during autumn, winter and spring | ['April', 'March', 'January', 'May', 'September', 'August', 'December', 'June', 'February', 'October', 'November'] | Wang, 2009 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Ovary growth takes place during the coolest season when the body growth ceases | No data | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
23 | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Based on GSI graph, increases regularly between September to March, slight increase in March | ['March', 'September'] | Poulet, 2004 |
21 | Oocyte development | Group-synchronous | Group-synchronous | Rinchard, 1996 |
21 | Oocyte development | Synchronous oocyte growth | Synchronous | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
21 | Oocyte development | Group-synchronous | Group-synchronous | Kestemont and Mélard, 2000 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 100-300 | 200.0 thousand eggs | Hovarth, 1992 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Up to 1000 | 1000.0 thousand eggs | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 200-300 but up to 2500 | 250.0 thousand eggs | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 60-682.5 | 371.25 thousand eggs | Demska-Zakes and Zakes, 2002 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 260 [Average number of vitellogenic oocyes of mature females in a single spawning season] | 260.0 thousand eggs | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Mostly vary from 200-600 for females 450-600 mm long, based on a graph | 400.0 thousand eggs | Zivkov and Petrova, 1993 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | Fecundity of a 45 cm females range from 125 to 260 000, overall range for females 37-86 cm long: 31-2957000 | 61.5 thousand eggs | Lehtonen, 1996 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | In the Szczecin: the absolute fecundity varied from 73.7 thousand to 2024.1 thousand eggs. The fecunidty of 45 cm long was estimated at 12.8-234.9. In the Vistula Lagoon, the estimated fecundity of the smallest female (42 cm) was 111.1 thousand eggs, and that of the longest female (84 cm) was 1582 thousand eggs. The fecundity of females from the 45 cm length class ranged from 189.1 to 227, 204.8 was the average. In the Curonian lagoon, the lowest fecundity was noted in a female 48 cm long at only 214.6 thousand eggs, while a female 81 cm long had 1164.5 thousand eggs | 123.85 thousand eggs | Kosior and wandzel, 2001 |
20 | Absolute fecundity | 400000 for two females of 1.5 and 1.7 kg, and only 216000 for a female of 2 kg | 400000.0 thousand eggs | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.73-3.0 | 1.865 kg | Hovarth, 1992 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.230-0.275 [Smallest weight, sex specified] | 0.2525 kg | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.270-0.870 | 0.57 kg | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
17 | Weight at sexual maturity | Smallest mature female are 23 | 23.0 kg | Zivkov and Petrova, 1993 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 30-40 | 35.0 cm | Hovarth, 1992 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | For females, maturity is reached at a longer size than males. Up to 33 cm, all the females are immatures. Beyond 42 cm, all females are mature. Between thse two sizes, the percentage of mature fish is egal to 60% [In other countries about 40 cm] | 33.0 cm | Goubier, 1977 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 27.8-29.7 [Smallest size, sex specified] | 28.75 cm | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | About 40 but 23 in Tunisia | 40.0 cm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 28-36 | 32.0 cm | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 40 [Female] | 40.0 cm | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | 42-44 [Female] | 43.0 cm | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | About half mature at 32.2, and 100% at 42.0 | 32.2 cm | Poulet, 2004 |
16 | Length at sexual maturity | Smallest mature female are 27.8 | 27.8 cm | Zivkov and Petrova, 1993 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 | 3.5 year | Hovarth, 1992 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 1-2 for both sex in France, but in other countries 3-6 | 1.5 year | Goubier, 1977 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 2 | 2.0 year | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 4-5 in France but 1 in Tunisia | 4.5 year | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-6 [Sex specified] | 4.5 year | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Sex not specified, rarely 2] | 3.5 year | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Both sex] | 3.5 year | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3+ [Female mature] | 3.0 year | Poulet, 2004 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3.5 [42 months, age at maturation] | 3.5 year | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | 3-4 [Not specified] | 3.5 year | Environment agency, 1996 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Mature at the end of the first or second year | No data | Zivkov and Petrova, 1993 |
15 | Age at sexual maturity | Attain sexual maturity in the Baltic Sea between 2-5 years of age, the bulk of individuals at the age of 3-4 years. In general, male smature one year earlier and with a smaller body size than females. Due to lower growth rate, pikeperch mature generally later in the northern Baltic (4-5 years of age) | 3.5 year | Lehtonen, 1996 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
30 | Male sexual dimorphism | According to Hungarian aquaculturists sexually mature pike-perch can be sexed on the basis of external features, males have a darker abdomen than the females, and females show a white rounded belly, a broader head, and a higher back than males. In our experiments in early spring, these criteria proved to be unreliable | Present | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
31 | Onset of spermatogenesis | In the Northern hemisphere, gametogenesis is initiated in August-September when both temperature and photoperiod are decreasing. Gametes are synthesized during autumn, winter and spring | ['April', 'March', 'January', 'May', 'September', 'August', 'December', 'June', 'February', 'October', 'November'] | Wang, 2009 |
33 | Maximum GSI value | 1% | 1.0 percent | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 25-30 | 27.5 cm | Horvath, 1992 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | Male reach maturity at about 30 cm [In other countries 35 cm] | 30.0 cm | Goubier, 1977 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 35 | 35.0 cm | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 28-39 | 33.5 cm | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 21.3-29.0 [Smallest size, sex specified] | 25.15 cm | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 35 [Male] | 35.0 cm | Olivier and Schlumberger, 2001 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 35 [Male] | 35.0 cm | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | 50% of mature male at 24.6 and 100% at 30.0 | 50.0 cm | Poulet, 2004 |
28 | Length at sexual maturity | The smallest mature male are 21.3 | 21.3 cm | Zivkov and Petrova, 1993 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.5-2 | 1.25 kg | Horvath, 1992 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.255-0.610 | 0.4325 kg | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | 0.110-0.270 [Smallest weight, sex specified] | 0.19 kg | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
29 | Weight at sexual maturity | The smallest mature male are 110 g | 110.0 kg | Zivkov and Petrova, 1993 |
Trait id | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
47 | Mating system | Female and male are monogamous as the female lays all eggs simultaneously | No category | Craig, 2000 |
47 | Mating system | Monogamous, by pair [The actual spawning lasts only 30-40 min, of which 20-25 min is considered courtship and during the last 10-15 min female lay eggs] | Monogamy | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
47 | Mating system | By pair, eggs and sperm are broadcasted over a circular pit constructed by the male, may be monogamous | Monogamy | Ah-King, 2004 |
47 | Mating system | By pair | Monogamy | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Dawn | Dawn | Craig, 2000 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | During night or early in the morning | Ambiguous | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Most spawning occurs in the early morning hours | Day | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Pikeperch begin their spawing activities before the sunrise | No category | Lehtonen, 1996 |
46 | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning takes place at night | Night | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
50 | Parental care | Male stays to protect the eggs and young fry | Male parental care | Craig, 2000 |
50 | Parental care | Males guards the eggs anf fans clean water over them. After spawning, the male chases the female away from the nest, and are very agreesive and attacks if thretened | Male parental care | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
50 | Parental care | The spawning is guarded | No category | Spillmann, 1961 |
50 | Parental care | Males guards the eggs | Male parental care | Billard, 1997 |
50 | Parental care | Guarders | No category | Fishbase, 2006 |
50 | Parental care | Male protects the eggs, which takes up a great deal of his time during the spawning season | Male parental care | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
50 | Parental care | A long period of protection by one sex (> 1 month) or brief care by both sexes | Biparental care | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
50 | Parental care | Males guard eggs | Male parental care | Environment agency, 1996 |
50 | Parental care | Male guards and fans the eggs | Male parental care | Ah-King, 2004 |
50 | Parental care | Soon after spawning, pikeperch females leave the spawning grounds while male guards the nest until their hatch | Male parental care | Lehtonen, 1996 |
50 | Parental care | The male stays to aerate by fin movements and protects the spawn and young fry | Male parental care | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Sand or stones | Ambiguous | Craig, 2000 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Clear ground of coarse gravel or pebbles with short plants, also with trees and submerged plants | Ambiguous | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Sandy or gravel bottoms, but rarely on submerged plants | Ambiguous | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Preferably roots, but can be sand, gravel or stones, from which ther males removes the silt to built its nest | Ambiguous | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Sand or gravel | Ambiguous | Spillmann, 1961 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Gravel and sand | Ambiguous | Billard, 1997 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Over gravel [Eggs are found attached to emergent vegetation or stones and gravel] | Ambiguous | Fishbase, 2006 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Spawn preferably on a sandy or stony bottom. The eggs are deposited upon plant roots | Ambiguous | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Nest at base of weed beds | Phytophils | Environment agency, 1996 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Phytophil | Phytophils | Wolter and Vilcinskas, 1997 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Phytophil | Phytophils | Balon, 1975 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Plants | Phytophils | Laurent, 1973 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Sandy grounds. However females can lay their eggs also on stones, roots of waterplants and other hard substrates. Also on dead zebra mussel | Ambiguous | Lehtonen, 1996 |
44 | Spawning substrate | The sole substratum that can be used for spawning in the Futhermorte Canal are roots and other woody debris | No category | Poulet, 2005 |
44 | Spawning substrate | Females usually attach their egg stands to physical supports (plants, branches, etc …) | Phytophils | Dubois, 1996 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Males build nests, exposes plants roots on which the eggs are later deposited and where they stick | Susbtrate chooser | Craig, 2000 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | In the spawning ground, males build nests by cleaning it from mud. The nest has a dimaeter of 0.5 m and depth of a depth of 5-10 cm [Sometimes nest contains plant roots and other plant material] | No category | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Male build a rudimentary nest and keeps it clean | Nest built by male | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nesters | Nest built by both parents | Fishbase, 2006 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Male builts the nest | Nest built by male | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Zygotes are placed in a special habitat (e.g. scattered on vegetation, or buried in gravel) | Susbtrate chooser | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nest | No category | Environment agency, 1996 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nest spawner | No category | Balon, 1975 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Nest | No category | Ah-King, 2004 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | The males built nests of 0.5 m in diameter, at a depth of 5-10 cm | No category | Lehtonen, 1996 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Spawning takes place in a nest that is previously prepared by the male | No category | Poulet, 2005 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | He guards the nest and attracts one female, after a 'mating dance' | No category | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
45 | Spawning site preparation | Shortly after spawning, each nest was transported in plastic bags | No category | Wang, 2009 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 10-12 | 11.0 °C | Hovarth, 1992 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Possible at 8°C but normally 12°C | 8.0 °C | Craig, 2000 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Most at 8-16°C [But could start at 3-4°C and last until 24°C] | 12.0 °C | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 14-16 but as low as 11 in nothern region | 15.0 °C | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
41 | Spawning temperature | About 15 | 15.0 °C | Spillmann, 1961 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 14-16 | 15.0 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 8-10 [Nothern part], to 10-14 [Southern part] | 9.0 °C | Kestemont and Mélard, 2000 |
41 | Spawning temperature | About 11°C | 11.0 °C | Billard, 1997 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Around 11 | 11.0 °C | Fishbase, 2006 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Begins in most waters at 12°C [Sometines at 8-9] | 8.5 °C | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 8-22 | 15.0 °C | Mann, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 12-14 | 13.0 °C | Poulet, 2004 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 6-12 | 9.0 °C | Mittelbach and Persson, 1998 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 8-12 | 10.0 °C | Environment agency, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 12°C | 12.0 °C | Laurent, 1973 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Starts either at 10°C, or in other areas only at 12-14°C | 13.0 °C | Lehtonen, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Vary according to the area studied between 4-5, to 14-15 | 4.5 °C | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
41 | Spawning temperature | 14-15 | 14.5 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
41 | Spawning temperature | When water temperature reaches 10-14°C depending on latitude | 12.0 °C | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
41 | Spawning temperature | Generally when temperature reaches 14-15°C | 14.5 °C | Wang, 2009 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 3-4 [i.e. 20-27 days] | 3.5 weeks | Craig, 2000 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 2-6 with a mean of 26 days [Males arrive first at the spawning grounds and are followed by females] | 4.0 weeks | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Over a period of 2-3 weeks | 2.5 weeks | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 2 [i.e. May 9-21, and April 29 to May 6] | 15.0 weeks | Demska-Zakes and Zakes, 2002 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 2 [0.50 months, length of breeding season] | 2.0 weeks | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
40 | Spawning period duration | 4-6 | 5.0 weeks | Terver, 1984 |
40 | Spawning period duration | Over a period of 3 weeks | 3.0 weeks | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1993 |
42 | Spawning water type | Shallow inlets and bays, bays sheltered by islands, river outlets | No category | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
42 | Spawning water type | Slow-flowing current : < 1.5 m/s | Flowing or turbulent water | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
42 | Spawning water type | Water velocities of 0.1-0.2 m.s-1 | Flowing or turbulent water | Craig, 2000 |
42 | Spawning water type | Water with current: 1.40-1.50 m/s | Flowing or turbulent water | Billard, 1997 |
42 | Spawning water type | Moving water, in a current of 1.4-1.5 m/sec | Flowing or turbulent water | Fishbase, 2006 |
42 | Spawning water type | Water with current 0.1-0.2 m/s | Flowing or turbulent water | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
42 | Spawning water type | Occur mainly in sheltered archipelagoes and bays, with turbid waters. On contrats to lakes, where spawning takes place in the shallows of open lakes, Baltic pikeperch spawn entirely in estuaries, inlets and shallow bays. | Stagnant water | Lehtonen, 1996 |
42 | Spawning water type | In March, pikeperch were located in the parts of the canal where the bank vegetation was dominated by bushes. In April and May, pikeperch occured in shallow parts with trees (ot high vegetation) or without vegetation but with woody debris. During June and early July, they were frequently found in deeper parts in tributaries with bank vegetation of grass and reed | Stagnant water | Poulet, 2005 |
42 | Spawning water type | Fish spawning out of the tributary area: carp, pikeperch, catfish Silurus glanis and eel | No category | Hladik and Kubecka, 2003 |
43 | Spawning depth | Most at 1-3 m, but sometimes at 8 m | 2.0 m | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters : 2-2.5 m | 2.25 m | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.5-1.0 but in lakes 0.5-17 | 0.75 m | Craig, 2000 |
43 | Spawning depth | Quite deep | No data | Spillmann, 1961 |
43 | Spawning depth | Quite deep water | No data | Billard, 1997 |
43 | Spawning depth | 0.5-1.0 m [But in still waters up to 11-17 m ] | 0.75 m | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
43 | Spawning depth | 1.10, up to 6 m | 1.1 m | Laurent, 1973 |
43 | Spawning depth | The depths of spawning grounds range between 0.7-2.5 m or 1-3 m | 1.6 m | Lehtonen, 1996 |
43 | Spawning depth | Spawns in depth from 1 to 5-6 m in rivers and up to 17 m in lakes | 5.5 m | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
43 | Spawning depth | Shallow waters | No data | Dubois, 1996 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Distances in spawning migrations are relatively short, less than 35 km (but sometimes 250 km in brackish waters) | 35.0 km | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | May migrate several tens of kms to find an appropriate spawning ground | No data | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | Limited home range around 1 km | 1.0 km | Environment agency, 1996 |
36 | Spawning migration distance | The distance between wintering and spawning areas is usually less than 30 km but may in some cases be even > 200 km | 30.0 km | Lehtonen, 1996 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Begin 1 month prior to the actual spawning | No data | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Between April, soon after ice breakup at a water of about 4°C, and the beginning of June [The potential migrations could last 2 months] | ['April', 'June'] | Saulamo, 2005 |
37 | Spawning migration period | When the temperature rises above 2.8°C in spring, they commence upstream migration | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Fishbase, 2006 |
37 | Spawning migration period | Leave their winter shelters from the main channel of danube for entering into the spawning areas when water temperature is about 4-6°C | ['February', 'March', 'January'] | Ciolac, 2004 |
37 | Spawning migration period | In autumn, pikeperch seek deeper waters where they stay over winter. Spawning migrations to the the sheltered bays start in March or April | ['April', 'March', 'January', 'December', 'February', 'October', 'November'] | Lehtonen, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | March-April | ['April', 'March'] | Hovarth, 1992 |
39 | Spawning season | April-June | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Billard, 1997 |
39 | Spawning season | February until July, usually in April and May | ['February', 'April', 'May', 'July'] | Craig, 2000 |
39 | Spawning season | April-June | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Spillmann, 1961 |
39 | Spawning season | April to June | ['April', 'June'] | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
39 | Spawning season | April | ['April'] | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1991 |
39 | Spawning season | From April to mid-summer | ['April', 'August', 'July', 'September'] | Kestemont and Mélard, 2000 |
39 | Spawning season | April-May [March to August] | ['April', 'August', 'March', 'May'] | Fishbase, 2006 |
39 | Spawning season | Generally in April-May, with its extremes late in February and early in July | ['February', 'April', 'May', 'July'] | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
39 | Spawning season | April-May | ['April', 'May'] | Mann, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | March-April | ['April', 'March'] | Poulet, 2004 |
39 | Spawning season | April-May | ['April', 'May'] | Demska-Zakes and Zakes, 2002 |
39 | Spawning season | April-June | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Environment agency, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | Mid-March to April | ['April', 'March'] | Terver, 1984 |
39 | Spawning season | April | ['April'] | Laurent, 1973 |
39 | Spawning season | Generally takes place in late April-early May in the Southern Baltic Sea and in late May-June in the Nothern Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Finland | ['April', 'May', 'June'] | Lehtonen, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | Pike perch in the Batak Dam usually spawn from the end of March until the end of April, at water temperatures between 4°C and 6°C. Spawning begins earlier in the cooling reservoir (end of February to the end of March) at water temperatures between 6°c and 12°C | ['February', 'April', 'March'] | Raikova-Petrova and Zivkov, 1998 |
39 | Spawning season | March is the peak spawning period | ['March'] | Poulet, 2005 |
39 | Spawning season | Spring | No data | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | End of April - Beginning of June | ['April', 'June'] | Dubois, 1996 |
39 | Spawning season | Spawning season starts in April-May | ['April', 'May'] | Wang, 2009 |
38 | Homing | Homing of pikeperch to a certain spawning area is well developped based on tagging experiment | Present | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
38 | Homing | Some return to natal spawning have been described | Present | Bruslé and Quignard, 2001 |
38 | Homing | Tend to return to the same spawning place next year | Present | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
48 | Spawning release | Total spawner | Total | Rinchard, 1996 |
48 | Spawning release | Annual spawning | Total | Lappaleinen, 2003 |
48 | Spawning release | Once a year | Total | Craig, 2000 |
48 | Spawning release | One clear seasonal peak per year | Total | Fishbase, 2006 |
48 | Spawning release | Lays all the eggs simultaneously, monogamous [Female can participate in reproduction only once per season, the same applies for male] | No category | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
48 | Spawning release | Single spawning per year | Total | Vila-Gispert and Moreno-Amich, 2002 |
48 | Spawning release | Partly a portion spawner | No category | Lehtonen, 1996 |
48 | Spawning release | Female lays all the eggs simultaneously | No category | Schlumberger and Proteau, 1996 |
49 | Parity | Iteroparous | Iteroparous | Craig, 2000 |
49 | Parity | She can participate in reproduction only once per season [Spawn only once a year] | No category | Deeler and Willemsen, 1964 |
49 | Parity | The spawner survival rate in both years was similar, 98 and 99%, respectively | No category | Demska-Zakes and Zakes, 2002 |
49 | Parity | After spawning, the pikeperch from the Szcecin and Curonian lagoons migrate to the bays and coastal waters of the Baltic Sea to feed | No category | Kosior and wandzel, 2001 |