Cudmore, B. and Mandrak, N.E. (2004) Biological sypnopsis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Oocyte diameter | 2.0-2.5 [Said when release] | 2.25 mm |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Egg size after water-hardening | 5-6 [After swelling] | 5.5 mm |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Egg Buoyancy | Semi-buoyant [eggs may travel downstream 50 to 180 km] | Pelagic |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | Non-adhesive | Non-Adhesive |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Incubation time | Hatched in 26-60 hours at 17-30°C, about 20-40 | 43.0 days |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Temperature for incubation | Optimal temperature is 21-26°C, with mortality increasing below 20°C | 23.5 °C |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Degree-days for incubation | Hatched in 26-60 hours at 17-30°C, about 20-40 | 43.0 °C * day |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 3 or 4 days after hatching larval grass begin carp feeding on rotifers and protozoans | 3.0 °C * day |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Age at sexual maturity | 2 to 4, up to 6-10 in their natural range, and 4-5 in the United States, and 1-8 in the introduced countries [Sex not specified] | 8.0 year |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Length at sexual maturity | 50-86 cm [Sex not specified] | 68.0 cm |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | Females may also develop deciduous tubercles, but thay are not as highly developped as in the males. Females exhibit soft, bulging abdomens and swollen, pinkish vents at onset of maturity | Present |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Female | Absolute fecundity | Range from 0.001 to 2 million eggs, but generally average 0.5 million for a 5 kg brrod stock, in the Amru basin, fecundity ranged from 0.2-1.7 million eggs with an average of 0.8 million | 0.95 thousand eggs |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Male | Age at sexual maturity | 2 to 4, up to 6-10 in their natural range, and 4-5 in the United States, and 1-8 in the introduced countries [Sex not specifed] | 8.0 years |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Appereance of tubercles on the dorsal and medial surfaces of the pectoral fins in males | Absent |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Spawning migration period | In their native areas, grass carp begin migration to spawning areas when water temperatures reach 15-17°C | No data |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Optimum spawning temperature is generally thought to be between 20 and 22°C, but others reported water temperatures 26-30°C in China | 28.0 °C |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Primary channels of rivers and canals during high water, upper part of the water column over rapids and sand bars, preferred spawning habitat is found in turbid, turbulent water at the confluence of rivers or below dams, prefer to spawn in water currents ranging from 0.6 and 1.5 m/s, but will spawn in current as low as 0.2 m/s, or even in ponds where current is absent [Increases in water level exceeding 122 cm within 12 hour period are required for spawning] | Stagnant water |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Mating system | During the spawning process, each female is usually by two or more males | No category |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Spawning release | Multiple spawning in a year has been reported, but probably rarely occurs | Multiple |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Spawning conditions | Parity | Live between 5-11, and up to 15 years | No category |