Ogle, D.H. (1998) A synopsis of the biology and life history of ruffe. Journal of Great Lakes Research [J. Great Lakes Res.], pp. 170-185
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Egg | Oocyte diameter | 0.34-1.3 (first batch : 0.90-1.21 and second batch 0.36-0.47) | 0.82 mm |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | Ruffle eggs become adhesive upon contact with water and stick to substrate | Adhesive |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Egg | Incubation time | 5-12 [At 10-15°C] | 8.5 days |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Egg | Temperature for incubation | 15 is the optima temperature for "early development" [Lower TL50 = 10; Upper TL50 = 21.5] | 15.0 °C |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Larvae | Initial larval size | 3.5-4.4 | 3.95 mm |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Larvae | Larvae behaviour | Embryo remains sedentary on the bottom for 3 to 7 days until reaching a size of 4.5-5.0 | Demersal |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Larvae | Reaction to light | Positively phototactic, little or no pelagic stage | Photopositive |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Larvae | Temperature during larval development | 25-30 optimal temperature for larval growth, larval survival is poor below 10°C [Possibly between 7.0°C to 24.8°C] | 27.5 °C |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | The transition to exogenous feeding takes plance in benthopelagic layer about 1 week after hatching | 1.0 °C * day |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Female | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 but sometimes 1 [Sex not specified] | 2.5 year |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Female | Length at sexual maturity | 11-12 [Sex not specified] | 11.5 cm |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Female | Relative fecundity | 352-1540 | 946.0 thousand eggs/kg |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Female | Absolute fecundity | 4-200 for the first batch and 0.352-6 for the second | 102.0 thousand eggs |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Female | Oocyte development | A mature ruffe ovary contains three types of eggs: 1) small, hyaline, and clorless; 2) larger, opaque, white and orange in color; and 3) large, partly hyaline, and yellow-orange and ornage in color. Only the latter two types will be released during the next spawing season | No category |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Female | Onset of oogenesis | Oocytes mature in 165 days in winter and 30 days during summer | ['January', 'February', 'March', 'July', 'August', 'September'] |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Female | Maximum GSI value | 7.1-15.6 [Average spawning GSI] | 11.35 percent |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Male | Age at sexual maturity | 2-3 but sometimes 1 [Sex not specified] | 2.5 years |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Male | Length at sexual maturity | 11-12 [Sex not specified] | 11.5 cm |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Male | Maximum GSI value | 7-10 [Average spawning male GSI] | 8.5 percent |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | Mid-April to July | ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July'] |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 6-18 | 12.0 °C |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Spawning conditions | Spawning depth | Shallow waters, usually less than 3 meters | 3.0 m |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Spawn on occurs on a variety of substrates : open-substrate, phytolithophil, submerged plants, logs, branches, or gravel or rocks but also hard bottoms, sand, clay, or gravel | Lithophils |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Spawning conditions | Spawning release | Ruffle eggs are extruded in "strands" ? Never observed anywhere else | No category |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Spawning conditions | Parity | Female ruffe may reach age 11, but male ruffe generally do not exceed age 7 | No category |
| Gymnocephalus cernua | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Non-guarding | No care |