Smith, B.B. (2004) Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) spawning dynamics and early growth in the lower River Murray, South Australia.
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Blicca bjoerkna | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Spawn amongst dense beds of submerged macrophytes | No category |
| Cyprinus carpio | Egg | Oocyte diameter | Unfertilized eggs are about 1-1.7 mm, and average 1.2-1.4 mm | 1.35 mm |
| Cyprinus carpio | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | Carp eggs are adhesive in water and stick to plants | Adhesive |
| Cyprinus carpio | Egg | Incubation time | At 20°C carp eggs hatch after approximatively 3.5 days | 20.0 days |
| Cyprinus carpio | Egg | Degree-days for incubation | In carp, the time between egg-fertilisation and hatching ranges from 60-80 degree days | 70.0 °C * day |
| Cyprinus carpio | Larvae | Larvae behaviour | After hatching, carp larvae a cement attach themselves to surface vegetation via cement glands on their head. They remain attached for 4-5 days while yolk is absorbed from a large yolk-sac and undergo organogenesis and other development | Demersal |
| Cyprinus carpio | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | Exogenous feeding begins before the exhaustion of yolk and is marked by the taking of air to fill the swim-bladder | No data |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Age at sexual maturity | In Victoria, males and females mature at 1 and 2 years of age. In tropical climates, carp mature at 3-6 months. In temperate-mediterranean climates, the age-at-maturity varies between 1 and 5 years. | 4.5 year |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Female sexual dimorphism | For female carp, they include the softening and enlargement of the abdomen and the reddening and protrusion of the cloaca | Present |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Relative fecundity | Estimates of instantaneous fecundity (the average number of strippd eggs per kilogram of fish) ranged from 114,000 to 163,000 eggs per kg | 114.0 thousand eggs/kg |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Absolute fecundity | The females are highly fecund and depending on body size, produce between 500,000 and 3 million eggs per spawning | 500.0 thousand eggs |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Maximum GSI value | Recorded estimates are usually around 20% for males | 20.0 percent |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Resting period | Re-maturation of the ovaries requires > 3-4 months | 3.5 months |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Age at sexual maturity | In Victoria, males and females mature at 1 and 2 years of age. On average males mature one year earlier than females | 1.0 years |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | The abdomen of male carp does not become obviously distended but may become darker in colour and nuptial tubercles appear on the head and on pectoral fin rays | Present |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Maximum GSI value | Recorded estimates are usually around 10% for males | 10.0 percent |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Spawning is low from 15-18°C, optimum 18-23°C, and ceases at 28°C | 16.5 °C |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Preferred spawning sites are lentic habitats with abundant food, warm water and protection from predators | No category |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning depth | The spawning act occurs in shoreline areas (water < 1 m deep) | 1.0 m |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Obligatory plant spawners | Phytophils |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Open-substratum | No category |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning occurs during daylight | Day |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Mating system | Spawning involves polygamous groups of one female and several males and is apparently triggered, at certain times of the year, by rising water that inundates terrestrial vegetation and periods of fine, warm weather | Polyandry |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning release | Carp are fractional spawners with indeterminate breeding season fecundity. Depending on local thermo and photo conditions, each female may spawn one to five batches of eggs per year. In India, carp spawn once. In southern France, Bengladesh, and west Bengal they may spawn twice. In tropical climates, carp are perennial spawners and spawn 4-5 times per year | Multiple |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Parity | In Victoria, estimates of longetivy range between 15-40 years | No category |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Non-guarding | No care |
| Leuciscus leuciscus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Spawn in the main river channel over gravel substrata | Lithophils |
| Rutilus rutilus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Spawn over willow tree roots and long-leafed vegetation | Phytophils |
| Tinca tinca | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Spawn amongst dense beds of submerged macrophytes | No category |