Erdogan, O. and Türkmen, M. and Yildirim, A. (2002) Studies on the age, growth and reproduction characteristics of the chub, Leuciscus cephalus orientalis (Nordmann, 1840)in Karasu River, Turkey. Tur. J. Vet. Ani. sci., pp. 983-991
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Egg | Oocyte diameter | Egg diameter varied from 100 µm and 137 µm with a mean of 119 µm | 100.0 mm |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Female | Age at sexual maturity | With the exception of a small proportion of females (2.23% which mature in their second year), all females matured sexuallyduring their thrid-fifth year of life. 80.22 in their third year, 90.5% in their fourth year, 96.5% in their fifth year and 100% in their sixth year and after | 2.23 year |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Female | Length at sexual maturity | Between 16 and 19 cm fork length | 19.0 cm |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Female | Absolute fecundity | Fecundity varied from a mean of 5012 eggs per female (III years old) to a mean of 25000 eggs per female (VIII years old) | 5012.0 thousand eggs |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Female | Onset of oogenesis | In females in both years of this study, gonad development started in December | ['December'] |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Female | Intensifying oogenesis activity | Particularly intense from April to May | ['April', 'May'] |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Female | Maximum GSI value | Around 10% based on graph in May | 10.0 percent |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Female | Resting period | In June, the GSI diminished because of spawning and continued to do so to the end of July | 3.0 months |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Male | Age at sexual maturity | Males matured sexually during their second-fourth year of life. 47.07% of males were mature in their second year, 85.71% in their third year, 96.2% in their fourth year and 100% in their fifth year and after | 3.0 years |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Male | Length at sexual maturity | Between 13 and 18 cm fork length | 18.0 cm |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Male | Onset of spermatogenesis | September-October | ['September', 'October'] |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Male | Main spermatogenesis activity | April | ['April'] |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Male | Maximum GSI value | 8.5% [In May] | 8.5 percent |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Spawning conditions | Spawning season | In both years of he study, fish began to spawn on May 15 and the spawning continued to the end of July | ['May', 'July'] |
| Leuciscus cephalus | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Between 15 and 22°C | 15.0 °C |