Holopainen, 1997


Citation

Holopainen, I.J. and Tonn, W.M. and Paskowski, A. (1997) Tales of two fish: the dichotomus biology of crucian carp (Carassius carassius (L.)) in nothern Europe. Ann. Zool. Fennici, pp. 1-22

Associated characteristics

Species Development state Trait Primary Data Secondary Data
Carassius carassius Egg Oocyte diameter 0.62-1.34 [Egg diameter in ovarium: ripe with yolk] 0.98 mm
Carassius carassius Egg Egg size after water-hardening 1-2 [Fertilized eggs] 1.5 mm
Carassius carassius Egg Egg Buoyancy Demersal Demersal
Carassius carassius Egg Egg adhesiveness Adhere to submerged plants Adhesive
Carassius carassius Egg Incubation time 6 [18-19°C], < 3 days [24-28°C] 18.5 days
Carassius carassius Egg Temperature for incubation Develop normaly at 15-28 [Die at 5, 10 and 30°] 21.5 °C
Carassius carassius Egg Degree-days for incubation 80-110 [i.e. 6 days at 18-19°C, and < 3 days at 24-28°C] 95.0 °C * day
Carassius carassius Larvae Initial larval size 4.5-5.5 5.0 mm
Carassius carassius Female Female sexual dimorphism The head and scales develop tubercules in the epithelium Absent
Carassius carassius Male Male sexual dimorphism The head and scales develop tubercules in the epithelium Absent
Carassius carassius Spawning conditions Spawning season From late spring trough mid-summer ['April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September']
Carassius carassius Spawning conditions Spawning period duration >2 months [including spawning and hatching] 2.0 weeks
Carassius carassius Spawning conditions Spawning temperature 17-20 18.5 °C
Carassius carassius Spawning conditions Spawning substrate Phytophilous, open substrates submerged twigs and macrophytes Phytophils
Carassius carassius Spawning conditions Spawning release Three periods of spawnings have been commoly observed from late May to mid-July, with female producing similar number of eggs Multiple
Carassius carassius Spawning conditions Spawning release Intermittent spawners, eggs are deposited in temporally discrete batches Multiple