Smith, B.B. and Walker, K.F. (2004) Spawning dynamics of common carp in the River Murray, south Australia, shown by macroscopic and histological staging of gonads. Journal of fish biology, pp. 336-354
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Age at sexual maturity | In tropical climates, carp mature at 3-6 months, and in temperate climates at 3-5 years. Males mature earlier than females | 4.5 year |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Length at sexual maturity | In tropical climates, carp mature at 90-140 mm, and in temperate climates at 355-430 mm. Males mature earlier than females. In the present study the majority of fish in the lower Murray are mature by 350 mm | 115.0 cm |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Oocyte development | Common carp are asynchronous, multiple batch spawners with indeterminate breeding season fecunidty. At the individual level, oocytes at all developmental stages occurred in some ovaries, but discrete batches of oocytes typically matured in synchrony. Not all eggs from the same batch were necessarily spawned at once, and it is likely that some fish spawned again within weeks (one individual retained a portion of mature oocytes in the anterior of each ovary after spawning). | Asynchronous |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Onset of oogenesis | January [In Australia] | ['January'] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Intensifying oogenesis activity | September [In Australia] | ['September'] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Maximum GSI value | Mean of 18% up to 21-22% [In October in Australia] | 21.5 percent |
| Cyprinus carpio | Female | Resting period | About 5% in December-January | 5.0 months |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Onset of spermatogenesis | January in Australia | ['January'] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Main spermatogenesis activity | January in Australia | ['January'] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Maximum GSI value | About 7% in March in Australia | 7.0 percent |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Spermatogenesis duration | Spermatogenesis was continuous and spermatogonia, psermatocytes, spermatids and sperm co-occurred in most testes throughout the spawning and non-spawning periods. Thus, males are euipped to spawn at any time during the year, but there is a defined gonadal cycle with a peak in Ig before the onset of spawning | No data |
| Cyprinus carpio | Male | Resting period | Lower in december-January, about 2% | 2.0 months |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Longest recorded period for common carp spawning in Australia. It continued from mid-november 2001 to mid-May 2002 (7 months), and recommnced in mid-september 2002 | 2001.0 weeks |
| Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning release | As long as conditions are met, and there is appropriate habitat, common carp will spawn repeatedly. Thus, common carp in tropical fresh waters are perennial spawners, and females annually release four to five discrete batches of eggs. | Multiple |