Jensen, K.M. and Korte, J.J. and Kahl, M.D. and Pasha, M.S. and Ankley, G.T. (2001) Aspects of basic reproductive biology and endocrinology in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, C [Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C], pp. 127-141
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Pimephales promelas | Female | Oocyte development | Group-synchronous or asynchronous gonadal development | Group-synchronous |
| Pimephales promelas | Female | Maximum GSI value | Mean GSI of 9.71 ± 0.5, up to 12 | 9.71 percent |
| Pimephales promelas | Male | Male sexual dimorphism | Nuptial tubercles in reproductively-active male | Present |
| Pimephales promelas | Male | Maximum GSI value | 1.15 ± 0.02, 1.2 | 1.15 percent |
| Pimephales promelas | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | The spawning interval for reproductively-active pairs over the course of the study ranged from 1-15 days, with the majority of values falling in the range of 3-4 days | 8.0 weeks |
| Pimephales promelas | Spawning conditions | Mating system | By pair | Monogamy |
| Pimephales promelas | Spawning conditions | Spawning release | Multiple of fractional spawner | Multiple |
| Pimephales promelas | Spawning conditions | Spawning release | The number of eggs per spawn per female ranged from 46 to 130, with a mean value of 85 ± 2.8[Under facorable conditions, females can produce clutches of 50-100 eggs every 3-5 days] | No category |