Scott, W.P. and Crossman, E.J. (1973) Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax (Mitchill). Fisheries Research Board of Canada, pp. 310-317
Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
Alosa sapidissima | Spawning conditions | Mating system | During the spawning act, the female is accompanied by several males | No category |
Carassius auratus | Spawning conditions | Mating system | The female may be accompanied by two or more males | No category |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Mating system | Usually a female will be accompanied by 2 or 3 males | No category |
Esox masquinongy | Spawning conditions | Mating system | One female with one, or at times two smaller males | Monogamy |
Esox niger | Spawning conditions | Mating system | A single female, accompagnied by one or two usually smaller males, swims slowly about a random way | No category |
Esox lucius | Spawning conditions | Mating system | The sexes pair at spawning time and a larger female is usually attended by one or two smaller males | No category |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Mating system | The actual spawning activity is said to take place at in a writhing ball about 2 feet in diameter, which moves over the bottom and is made up of 10-12 intertwined and constantly moving individuals | No category |
Pungitius pungitius | Spawning conditions | Mating system | As many as 7 females may be encouraged to deposit eggs in one nest | No category |
Ambloplites rupestris | Spawning conditions | Mating system | More than one female may spawn in the same nest and one female may spawn in more than one nest | No category |
Micropterus salmoides | Spawning conditions | Mating system | By pair, a female may spawn with several males in different nests | Monogamy |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Mating system | A single larger female and many males which swim about in a long compact queue, the first males with their snouts pressed against the females | No category |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Mating system | Spawning takes place in groups, one larger female and one or two smaller males or two females and up to six males | Promiscuity |
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Mating system | Several males may spawn with a single female in one nest, individual females my build more than one nest, and a single male may spawn with more than one female | No category |
Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Mating system | A single female is often attended by more than one male, and may build and spawn in more than one nest. A single male may spawn with more than one female | No category |
Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Mating system | The female may spawn in as many as four different nests, probably with different males | No category |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Mating system | Females dig and spawn in several nests with the same or other males | No category |
Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Mating system | The female may dig and and spawn in more than one nest, with different males, and a single male may spawn with more than one female | No category |
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Mating system | The female may dig more than one redd and spawn with more than one male | No category |
Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Mating system | A female is usually attended by one male during deposition and fertilization of the eggs [Males usually mate with more than one female] | No category |
Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Mating system | The actual spawning act is performed by one male and one female, but each may spawn with different mates during the reproductive period | Ambiguous |
Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Mating system | One or two males may spawn with one female, or a group of males and females may spawn together, extruding eggs and sperm over rocky bottom | Promiscuity |
Ameiurus nebulosus | Spawning conditions | Mating system | By pair, a large number of spawning acts take place with an increasing number of eggs released at each | Monogamy |
Ictalurus punctatus | Spawning conditions | Mating system | "By pair, females spawn only once a year but males, at least in the southern USA, ""may spawn several times""" | Monogamy |
Alosa sapidissima | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning took place in the evening after sundown and continued until midnight or even later | Ambiguous |
Carassius auratus | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning most often occurs in bright sunny mornings | Day |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Warm sunny morning | Day |
Esox masquinongy | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Daytime | Day |
Esox niger | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Daytime | Day |
Esox lucius | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Generally, spawns during daylight hours | Day |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning activity takes place only at night and the grounds are deserted in the daytime | Ambiguous |
Morone chrysops | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Daylight [But has been reported to occur at night also] | Ambiguous |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | During the night and early morning | Ambiguous |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Night | Night |
Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning fish are active and may jump and thrash about, especially at night | Night |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Nest building takes place day and night | Ambiguous |
Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Actual spawning takes place during the day | Day |
Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning occurs during the daytime | Day |
Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning occur in the night, mostly from 19-22 | Night |
Thymallus arcticus | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | There is no spawning at night and it is most active during warmer water temperatures of midday | Ambiguous |
Ameiurus nebulosus | Spawning conditions | Nycthemeral period of oviposition | Spawning apparently takes place in the daytime | Day |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Not described in that review | No category |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Parental care | No care is given to the young | No care |
Gasterosteus aculeatus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Male guards the newly hatched fish until they are able to care for themselves | Male parental care |
Pungitius pungitius | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The nest is guarded by the male who engages in considerable fanning at the entrance, causing a current ot flow through the nest and aerate the eggs within [The male may build a second nest] | Male parental care |
Ambloplites rupestris | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The male guards and fans the eggs and later brrods the young for a short period | Male parental care |
Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The male guards the eggs and fans them, and guards the newly hatched young for a period of a few days | Male parental care |
Micropterus dolomieui | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The males guard the nest, fans the eggs, and guards the young after they hatch | Male parental care |
Micropterus salmoides | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The male guards and fans the eggs | Male parental care |
Morone chrysops | Spawning conditions | Parental care | No parental care is given to eggs or young | No category |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Parental care | No protection is given the egg masses or young by the parents | No care |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Males are not territorial | No category |
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The female usually guards the nest as long as she is able but the spawning adults die in a few days or weeks | No category |
Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The female guards the nest as long as she is able | Ambiguous |
Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Parental care | After covering the nest the female guards it as long as she is able | Ambiguous |
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The female guards the nest as long as she is able | Ambiguous |
Salmo salar | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The female covers the eggs with gravel | Female parental care |
Salmo trutta fario | Spawning conditions | Parental care | When spawning is completed, the female covers the redd with gravel | Female parental care |
Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Parental care | On completion of spawning, the female covers the eggs with gravel in a manner resembling the excavation of the redd | Female parental care |
Thymallus arcticus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | No parental care is given to eggs or young | No category |
Ameiurus nebulosus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | The eggs in the nest are cared for by one or both parents [Sometimes one or both parents eat some or all the eggs] | Biparental care |
Ictalurus punctatus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | Males protect the nest after egg laying, aerate and clean the eggs by fanning with the paired fins, and press and pack the eggs with body and fins | No category |
Carassius auratus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Submerged aquatic plants or willow roots | Phytophils |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Submerged weeds, grasses or roots | Phytophils |
Esox masquinongy | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Heavy vegetated flooded areas | No category |
Esox lucius | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | On heavily vegetated floodplains | No category |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Sand or gravel bottom | Ambiguous |
Gasterosteus aculeatus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Sandy areas | Psammophils |
Pungitius pungitius | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Among the weeds | Phytophils |
Ambloplites rupestris | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Swamps and gravels shoals | Lithophils |
Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Clay to sand, gravel or rocks [Nests are found within submerged aquatic vegetation] | Ambiguous |
Micropterus dolomieui | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Sandy, gravel or rocky bottom | Ambiguous |
Micropterus salmoides | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Gravelly sand (more rarely) to marl and soft mud in eeds, bullrushes or water lilies | Ambiguous |
Morone americana | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Occur over any and every bottom type with little evidence of preference | No category |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Usually near rooted vegetation, submerged brush, or fallen trees, but at times over sand or gravel | Ambiguous |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Rocky areas, boulder, or coarse-gravel shoals | Lithophils |
Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Hard or stoney bottom but sometimes over sand | Ambiguous |
Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Spawning takes place over substrates ranging from medium gravel to bedrock strewn with boulders | Lithophils |
Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Gravelly areas | Lithophils |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Bed of fine gravel | Lithophils |
Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Gravel beds | Lithophils |
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Larger gravel than other salmons | Lithophils |
Salmo salar | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Usually a gravel-bottom | Lithophils |
Salmo trutta fario | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Gravelly | Lithophils |
Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Gravel or rocky shoals | Lithophils |
Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Most often over gravels beds | Lithophils |
Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Most often occurs over a large boulder or rubble bottom | No category |
Thymallus arcticus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Gravel or rock | Lithophils |
Ameiurus nebulosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | In a bottom of mud or sand or among the roots of aquatic vegetation, usually near the protection of a stump, rock or tree | Ambiguous |
Ictalurus punctatus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | Undercut, log jams, or rocks | Lithophils |
Alosa sapidissima | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No, eggs are released in the open water | Open water/substratum scatter |
Carassius auratus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No, deposit its eggs | No category |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Eggs are deposited randomly | Susbtrate chooser |
Esox masquinongy | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No nest is built | Open water/substratum scatter |
Esox niger | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No nests are built | Open water/substratum scatter |
Esox lucius | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No nest is built, the eggs are scattered at radom | Open water/substratum scatter |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No nest is built | Open water/substratum scatter |
Gasterosteus aculeatus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The nest is constructed of small twigs and plant debris, held together by the mucilaginous kidney secretion emitted by the male | No category |
Pungitius pungitius | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Both sex are aggresive in breeding season. The male builts a nest, usually off the bottom, in the plants, using fragments of aquatic vegetation bound together (gluing) by the threadlike, kidney secretion that hardens on contact with water | Ambiguous |
Ambloplites rupestris | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The male digs a shallow nest | Susbtrate chooser |
Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Male built a nest, which is a shallow depressions | Nest built by male |
Micropterus dolomieui | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The male builts a nest (18.3-30.5 cm) in diameter | Nest built by male |
Micropterus salmoides | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Nest building by very aggressive and territorial males, nest are 61.0-91.5 cm in diameter, and depending on the hardness of the bottom 25-303 mm deep | No category |
Morone chrysops | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The eggs are released near the surface or in midwater | Open water/substratum scatter |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No nest is built | Open water/substratum scatter |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No nest is built | Open water/substratum scatter |
Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Eggs are deposited more or less randomly over the spanwing grounds by the parents | Susbtrate chooser |
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | It is the female that prepares the nest or rFemaledd [The males are aggessive to other males (female are to females also, but to a lesser extend)] | No category |
Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The female prepares the redd by facing upstream [The male are aggressive on the spawning grounds] | Susbtrate chooser |
Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The nest is built by the female [Male and female are very aggressive on the spawning grounds] | No category |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The female digs a redd | Susbtrate chooser |
Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The female prepares a nest [On the spawning grounds the male (and sometimes the female) is aggressive to other spawning males] | No category |
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The female digs the redd [The males and females are aggressive on the spawning grounds] | Susbtrate chooser |
Salmo salar | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The female uses her caudal fin like a paddle and excavates a nesting depression (the redd) [The actual nesting site is chosen by the remale] | Susbtrate chooser |
Salmo trutta fario | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The female creates a shallowo depression (redd) in the gravel | Susbtrate chooser |
Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Although the males establish and guard territories, the nest or redd is prepared by the female who uses her caudal fin, paddle-like, to clear debris from the site | Susbtrate chooser |
Salvelinus fontinalis | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | The female clears away debris and silt from the nesting area by a series of repid fanning movements of the caudal fin made while on her side | No category |
Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Cleaning of the spawning grounds consisted of brushing the rocks with body or tail fin, or rubbing then with the snout | No category |
Thymallus arcticus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | No actual nest or redd is prepared [Male are territorial on the spawning grounds] | Susbtrate chooser |
Ameiurus nebulosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | One or both sexes clear a shallow nest | Nest built by both parents |
Ictalurus punctatus | Spawning conditions | Spawning site preparation | Nests built by the male | Nest built by male |
Alosa sapidissima | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Above 12 and will continue until temperaure do not drop below this point | 12.0 °C |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Spawning does not commence in earnest until temperatures reach a level of at least 62.6°F (17°C) and may continue for several weeks. Spawning activities begin to decline when temperatures reach 78.8°F (26°C) and cease altogether at 82.4°F (28°C). In lake St. Lawrence, it was observed that spawning may be interrupted if cooler wheather prevails and the temperature drops below 62.6°F (17°C), but will recommence when the water warms up again | 62.6 °C |
Esox masquinongy | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 9.4-15 [Optimum is 12.8°C] | 12.2 °C |
Esox niger | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 8.3-11.1 | 9.7 °C |
Esox lucius | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 4.4-11.1 | 7.75 °C |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Usually 0.6-1.7°C | 1.15 °C |
Ambloplites rupestris | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 15.6-21.1 | 18.35 °C |
Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 20-27.8 [For nest building] | 23.9 °C |
Micropterus dolomieui | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Nest building and spawning (in some areas) commences over a range of 12.8-20°C [Egg deposition takes place mostly at 16.1-18.3°C] | 16.4 °C |
Micropterus salmoides | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Nest building starts at about 15.6, but spawning usually takes place at 16.7-18.3 | 17.5 °C |
Morone americana | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 11-15 | 13.0 °C |
Morone chrysops | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 14.4-21.1 | 17.75 °C |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 8.9-12.2 | 10.55 °C |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 6.7-8.9 [Shortly after ice breaks up] | 7.8 °C |
Coregonus clupeaformis | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Dropped below about 7.8 | 7.8 °C |
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | As high as 16, but spawning lof later runs peak at 10 | 16.0 °C |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Usually between 10.0-15.5 | 12.75 °C |
Oncorhynchus nerka | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 5.0-10.5 | 7.75 °C |
Salmo trutta fario | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 6.7-8.9 | 7.8 °C |
Salvelinus alpinus | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | Around 4 | 4.0 °C |
Salvelinus namaycush | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | From 8-9 to 10.6-13.9°C | 8.5 °C |
Thymallus arcticus | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 7-10 | 8.5 °C |
Ameiurus nebulosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 21.1 | 21.1 °C |
Ictalurus punctatus | Spawning conditions | Spawning temperature | 23.9-29.5, with 26.7 the apparent optimum | 26.7 °C |
Alosa sapidissima | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | The males arrive on the spawning grounds first, soon followed by the females | No data |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Spawning may continue for several weeks […] Spawning is usually extended when water temperatures permit and in the Great Lakes region may extend from May to August | No data |
Esox masquinongy | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Spawning usually last no more than a week | No data |
Esox niger | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Lasts no more than 7-10 days | 8.5 weeks |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Males arrive on the spawning ground first, followed in 3 or 4 days by the female | 3.0 weeks |
Micropterus dolomieui | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Spawns usually over a period of 6-10 days | 8.0 weeks |
Morone americana | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Spawning continues for 1-2 weeks and does not take place all at once | 1.5 weeks |
Morone chrysops | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | 1.5 [5-10 days] | 7.5 weeks |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Male remain longer on the spawning grounds than do the females | No data |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Males moves to the spawing grounds first | No data |
Oncorhynchus keta | Spawning conditions | Spawning period duration | Total adult life in fresh water may not exceed one week [Female stays over the nest 2-10 days protecting it from other female] | 6.0 weeks |
Alosa sapidissima | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Rarely if ever in lakes | Stagnant water |
Carassius auratus | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Seeks warm, weedy shallows | No category |
Cyprinus carpio | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Weedy and grassy shallows | No category |
Esox masquinongy | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Flooded areas | No category |
Esox niger | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Flood benches of streams, lakes or ponds, very shrotly after the ice melts | Stagnant water |
Esox lucius | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Rivers, marshes and bays of larger lakes | Stagnant water |
Lota lota | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Shallow bays, usually spawn in the lake they are also know to move into rivers to spawn | Stagnant water |
Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Ponds, lakes or slow moving streams, near the shore | Stagnant water |
Micropterus dolomieui | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Lakes and rivers, usually near the protection of rocks, logs, or more rarely, dense vegetation | Stagnant water |
Perca flavescens | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | In the shallows of lakes, and often into tributary, where they live in brackish water, they migrate into fresh water | Stagnant water |
Sander vitreus | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | White water below impassable falls and dams in rivers, lakes | Stagnant water |
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Rivers and tributary streams, with current | Flowing or turbulent water |
Oncorhynchus kisutch | Spawning conditions | Spawning water type | Swifter water of river tributaries | No category |