Wiegand, M.D. and Buchanan, L.G. and Loewen, J.M. and Hewitt, C.M. (1988) Effects of rearing temperature on development and survival of embryonic and larval goldfish. Aquaculture, pp. 209-222
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Carassius auratus | Egg | Egg adhesiveness | The goldfish eggs adhered to the Petri dish and were not dislodged by this procedure | Adhesive |
| Carassius auratus | Egg | Incubation time | The mean time to 50% hatch at 27°C was 2.0 days in all four experiments, involving that temperature. At 22°C, the mean time to 50% hatch was 3.8 ±0.4 days and at 17°C it was 7.1 ± 0.4 days. At 12°C, the mean time to 50% hatch was more variable at 14.1 ±2.5 days. | 3.8 days |
| Carassius auratus | Egg | Temperature for incubation | The optimum temperature for rearing eggs and larvae was 22°C [At 27°C and 17°C, there was a higher indidence of abnormal larvae at hatching and reduced viability compared to 22°C in some, but not all, experiments. Eggs incubated at 12°C produced inviable larvae. High proportions of 12°C larvae were abnormal at hatching and fish raised at 12°C failed to feed] | 22.0 °C |
| Carassius auratus | Larvae | Temperature during larval development | The optimum temperature for rearing eggs and larvae was 22°C [At 27°C and 17°C, there was a higher indidence of abnormal larvae at hatching and reduced viability compared to 22°C in some, but not all, experiments. Eggs incubated at 12°C produced inviable larvae. High proportions of 12°C larvae were abnormal at hatching and fish raised at 12°C failed to feed] | 22.0 °C |
| Carassius auratus | Larvae | Full yolk-sac resorption | Yolk was absorbed to be absent or present as a thin ribbon only by day 2 at 27°C, day 4 at 22°C, and day 6 at 17°C | 2.0 °C * day |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella | Egg | Temperature for incubation | The embryonic grass carp appears to be even more sensitive to cool conditions than the goldfish. High rates of deformity and poor survival at temperatures of 18.4°C or less using egg fertilized at 20°C. When fertilization was performed at 24.4°C, 5% survival of normal fry to 72 h occurred with incubation at 23.9°C but the few surviving fry at 20.9°C or less were all deformed. | 18.4 °C |