Underhill, A.H., 1949. Studies on the development, growth and maturity of the chain pickerel, Esox niger LESUEUR. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 13(4), pp.377-391.
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Esox niger | Egg | Incubation time | 6-12 | 9.0 days |
| Esox niger | Larvae | Initial larval size | 6.1 | 6.1 mm |
| Esox niger | Larvae | Reaction to light | photonegative | Photophobic |
| Esox niger | Larvae | Full yolk-sac resorption | 6-8 days | 7.0 °C * day |
| Esox niger | Larvae | Onset of exogeneous feeding | 6-8 days | 7.0 °C * day |