Shao, B. (1997) Effects of golden shiner (Notemigonus cryoleucas) nest association on host pupkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus): evidence for a non-parasitic relationship. Behav Ecol Sociobiol, pp. 399-406
| Species | Development state | Trait | Primary Data | Secondary Data |
| Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Parental care | During a breeding season, some male spawned again after their preivous brood had hatched and dispersed. Some males fertilized and guarded as many as four broods, although the mean was close to one | No category |
| Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning substrate | The susbrate of a nest was largely determined by its location in the pond: nests in the Dam area contained mostly flat rocks and gravel, while nests in the East and West areas were often built on a muddy substrate with varying amounts of gravel | Lithophils |
| Lepomis gibbosus | Spawning conditions | Spawning depth | Nest were located at between 40 to 45 cm deep | 40.0 m |
| Lepomis gibbosus | Egg | Temperature for incubation | Water temperature in the laboratory varied from 21 to 24°C | 21.0 °C |
| Lepomis gibbosus | Larvae | Larvae behaviour | From preliminary field observations, I found that larvae were usually scattered throughout the nest despite some clumping | Demersal |